Multiple Sclerosis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Multiple Sclerosis - Research Paper Example Consequently, there is no defined medication to cure the disorder (Courtney, 2006). However, various treatments are available to lessen its severity and slow down its progression. This paper will describe the statistics on the disease, a summary of the disease and resources available to manage it. Statistics on Multiple Sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is diagnosed in individuals aged between 20 and 40 years. Although it is not possible to determine the actual number of individuals affected by the disease, it is estimated that there are about 2.1 million people affected by the disease globally (Trisolini, et al., 2010; Courtney, 2006). In a study conducted by the World Health Organization and Multiple Sclerosis International Federation (MSIF) to determine the prevalence of the disease in 122 countries globally, it was found out that the median prevalence is 30 persons in every 100,000 (Trisolini et al., 2010). In US, it is estimated that the number of people affected by MS stands at between 250,000 and 350,000. Furthermore, it is estimated that about 200 cases are diagnosed every week (Trisolini et al., 2010). Other countries with high MS prevalence as found in the study are shown in the table below. Table I showing prevalence of MS in different countries Country Prevalence of MS per 100,000 persons Hungary 176 Slovenia 150 Germany 149 US 135 Canada 133 Czech Republic 130 Norway 125 Denmark 122 Poland 120 Cyprus 110 Source (Trisolini et al., 2010) Overview of the disease MS is not contagious and researchers have also ruled out the possibility of one directly inheriting the disease. However, there are various factors thought to play a role in the disease. This include one’s gender where women get affected by the disease twice as much as their male counterparts. Additionally, an individual’s age may come to play in the disease considering most diagnoses are done on persons aged 20 to 50 (Carroll, 2010). The ethnic background of a person is also a c ritical factor where there are more Caucasians than whites affected by the disease. MS is a rare among some ethnic groups such as among Japanese and has never been identified among Africans, Eskimos, Blacks, Inuits and Aborigines. The further the people are from the equator, cold climate and latitude are risk factors in occurrence of MS (Carroll, 2010). MS is a central nervous system disease, which comprises the spinal cord and the brain. The disorder causes damage to a protective insulation called myelin which surrounds nerves referred to as axons (Calabresi, 2007). The damage may also extend to the nerves and CNS as a whole. The resulting effects are that messages from the spinal cord and brain could short circuit thereby leading to reduced or lost functioning of the body (Carroll, 2010). A majority of researchers describe MS as an autoimmune disease where white blood cells get misguided and instead of fighting disease causing organisms, they attack body cells (Courtney, 2006). Th is attack leads to CNS inflammation and could damage myelin and eventually injuring the nerves. The areas which experience inflammation are referred as active lesions and plaques refer to scar tissue where myelin gets destroyed. The number, size, and location of plaques and lesions determine the form and severity of the signs (Rolak, 2001). In deep the disease got its name from a discovery of many plaques and sclerosis describes scars. Common symptoms of MS include fatigue, visual disorder, numbness, dizziness, tremor

How Does War Affect The United States National Debt and Economy

How Does War Affect The United States National Debt and Economy Since the establishment of the colonies, that later became the United States, we have experienced the various influences that war has had on the national debt, economy, and more importantly, on individual lives. Before, national debt could be paid out gradually, it now increases with every second and is $12.4 trillion and rising. The effects can be clearly seen throughout American history, especially in times of war. The national debt is monitored by the U.S. treasury and its financial departments. It is predominantly made up of corporate and government stocks and bonds, T-bills, and notes, which are also referred to as securities. The trading of securities to raise money for infrastructures, developments, benefit programs, and also for the purpose of financing the wars that we can recall, such as the Revolutionary War, the Civil War, and World Wars I and II, has brought us through periods of economic boom and depression, during and following these wars. War bonds were the main securities issued by the government to pay for military operations. War bonds raise capital for the government and make the general population feel involved for a national and a military cause. This system was useful as a means of controlling inflation, which is an increase in the supplies of money in the marketplace relative to its demand, especially in a wartime overstimulated economy by removing the money from its circulation until the war is over. The government issues war bonds that have a yield which is the interest payment on the bond sold that is often below the value of many bonds found in the marketplace, which made it attractive and affordable to all citizens. The Revolutionary War began as colonists protested the high taxes that colonial Britain imposed on the colonies and the profits they amassed through the practice of mercantilism without fair share. Once the war began, the British blocked the seas that interrupted trade and made goods more expensive. Further, inflation occurred as the Continental government continued to print currency, backed only by the guarantee of Congress and the States behind it. Congress also funded the war with loans from Britains competitors, such as France, the Netherlands, and Spain to purchase arms and supplies. The continental government also used domestic sources by selling bonds to individuals at a low and competitive interest rate. People such as Robert Morris and Haym Salomon took money out of their personal funds to finance the revolutionary effort as a form of patriotism. When the colonies won the war, high taxes and other limits on trade and industry ended. The new Americans could build new industri es and expand in the West. Britain was no longer a trade partner with the new country, agricultural prices fell, and there were high unemployment rates. The war ended with the U.S. accumulating $37 million of debt on the national level and the value of the dollar quickly declined as a result of inflation. These problems were later solved when Alexander Hamilton established the First Bank of the United States. The First Bank unified the nation by creating a national bank instead of separate ones for each colony, ran an excise tax which taxed imported goods, and established financial order in the United States and credit for itself within the country and overseas. The Bank would be prohibited from purchasing government bonds and issuing notes beyond its supply of capital. Before and during the Civil War, the North and South had their own reliable industries. The North was home to many factories which produced manufactured goods such as guns, bullets, cannons, boots, and uniforms. It had four times as many free citizens than the South. More than 70% of the countrys rail lines ran throughout the North. They even benefited from a strong navy and fleet of ships. The South was underdeveloped in its industry and had several economic weaknesses, such as financial and political problems and few forms of transportation. They also had a small population of about 9 million citizens, therefore, fewer soldiers to prepare for the war. Nevertheless, the South maintained strong agriculture, cotton mills and textiles products. Much of the success they gained was built on the labor of slaves. The two sides had many disagreements and threats to leave the Union ultimately led to the Civil War. Despite advantages in the war, the North needed money. They issued a massive bond measure asking its citizens and financial institutions to purchase bonds to support the war. This effort did not raise the capital needed, so the government started to print paper money, which were called greenbacks. They were backed by gold and later bonds which the government guaranteed. The increase of greenbacks in the economy caused inflation to rise and was worth as much as a third less than its intrinsic value. The government, as a means to stabilize the rapid rise of inflation, raised the interest rate and made everyone accept it for goods and services, or legal tender for all debts public and private, as stated by the Department of Treasury ustreas.gov. The government also introduced its first income tax in 1862 to find more ways of gathering money and established the Bureau of Internal Revenue, later known as the IRS. The Union never dealt with an inflation rate of more than 80%. The South was even more desperate for money as its trade was cut off by the North and its banking system lost. They resorted to printing more money which was backed by their low reserves of gold. The South could not collect taxes because it was forbidden in its Confederate Constitution. The Confederacy was on the verge of bankruptcy and in 1864 it levied its first income tax. Nevertheless, the damage was already done with too much supply of money in the market and high inflation rates rose to as much as 9,000%. The South could not manage its short supply of food and ammunition, thus, many of its citizens starved. Robert E. Lee, Confederate general, realized this and withdrew from the war by surrendering for the Confederacy. During the Civil War, the national debt was $65 million in 1860 and surpassed $1 billion in 1863. This amount gradually decreased after the end of the war. Before World War I began, the United States was in recession. During the war, the United States became involved, and its economy thrived on trade with Europeans producing war goods, and maintaining a neutral status that strengthened their economy. The U.S. entered the war three years later as a result of instigation from the Central Powers, threats to trade with their allies, and a sense of separation in the United States as of whether to be involved in the war. Entering the war in 1917 advanced our total debt to about $22 billion and increased federal spending to a total that would later amount to $112 billion; however, the U.S. enjoyed many benefits such as its competitive position in the world, agricultural boom, profit for many companies, and a decrease in the unemployment rate. Its success led the way for abundance in the Roaring 20s. For example, new technologies such as mass production automobiles, moving pictures, and radios became an indispensable part of American homes. The Great Depression of the early 1930s devastated our country and even the world. It caused personal incomes, tax revenue, profits, and prices to drop and international trade plunged by 50% to 65%. The recovery from this economic depression was caused by World War II. It tremendously boosted the U.S. economy as we began to produce weapons, uniforms, and other supplies for war. It created jobs and increased wages throughout society. Much of our production was shipped overseas. Americans soon spent their money on things such as newspapers, movies, and entertainment. The War Advertising Council was formed and held more than 100 campaigns to sell war bonds, donate blood, conserve food, and enroll enlisters. Involvement in World War II and social programs during the presidencies of Franklin Roosevelt and Truman caused a sixteenfold increase in the total war debt, amounting from $16 billion in 1930 to $260 billion in 1950. In conclusion, we can see the effect that money supply and war have on the United States national debt. It has caused dramatic decline and exponential growth in the economy during and following wartime. We have seen the effects of inflation and the outcome of the many battles from the Revolutionary War to the Civil War to our great World Wars. The national debt is a concern not only to the government, but also to its citizens. When the government debts increase, they use taxpayers money to handle the increasing costs in the economy. Some consequences are higher individual taxes, reduced benefits and programs, higher interest rates, and a weak dollar, which ultimately reduces the individual purchasing power and increases inflation.

Suicide :: essays research papers

Wrong and Even Scary Certain people believe that life is not valuable. Although they may not admit this as being true it is evident through their behavior. They admit it through behavior such as believing that it is acceptable to decide one others fate. To believe that it is satisfactory for one human being to decide if another human being should live or die is wrong and even scary. Doctors should not be legally able to assist terminally ill patients to commit suicide. The most precious gift that God has given human beings is the gift of life. Even with this being true people abuse this gift everyday. They abuse this gift in many ways. One way is by attempting to play the role of God. People who assist in deciding one others fate also believe that they are God. This may sound strange but it 100% true. Human beings who assist terminally ill patients to commit suicide believe that they are God. People who believe that it is justifiable for doctors to assist terminally ill patients comm it suicide believe that is acceptable for others to play the role of God. Both of these types of Lee, 2 people are equally wrong. Both of these people's beliefs are also disgusting. There is no way that any human being should be allowed to decide when another human beings time to die is. Terminally ill patients are not exactly thinking 100% correctly during their illness. Some are just not thinking at all. Being terminally ill would be a very dramatic period in anyone's life. So this being said when patient who knows that they are going to die asks another human being to aid them to commit suicide they are not thinking straight. They might believe in their own mind that this is what they want but in reality if they were thinking straight they would not want this at all. This can be proven as well. If one were to ask another when they were perfectly healthy if that they ever became terminally ill if they would like to commit suicide the answer would be no. But yet if that same person were to become terminally ill they might want the exact opposite.

Touching Essays

Idiom| Explanation + Example | 1)| Don't give up the day job. | You are not very good at that. You could definitely not do it professionally. â€Å"I really like the way you sing, but don't give up your day job. | 2)| Cash cow. | An easy way to earn money regularly. â€Å"Income tax is a real cash cow for the government. † | 3)| Bite off more than you can chew. | Trying to do something that is too difficult or time consuming to finish. â€Å"I'm glad you want to prepare the report by yourself. Just be sure that you don't bite off more than you can chew. † | 4)| Clear the air| Discuss something that was causing people to feel upset. There seems to have been a misunderstanding. I'd like to explain what happened, just to clear the air. † | 5)| Turn your back on| Give up on, or abandon. â€Å"I needed your help but you just turned your back on me† | 6)| Not cut out for| Not suitable for something. â€Å"He tried mountain climbing, but he simply was not cut ou t for it. † | 7)| Scrape the bottom of the barrel| The very last, or the very worst. â€Å"These are the last volunteers we could find. We really had to scrape the bottom of the barrel to find them. † | 8)| A class act| Sophisticated, above average. â€Å"He offered to help, even though he doesn't know me.He's a real class act. † | 9)| Clean up your act| Improve your behavior. â€Å"If you are ever going to improve your English skills, you must start getting in to class on time and doing your homework. Why don't you clean up your act? † | 10)| Get your act together| Get more organized. â€Å"You have been late for work every day this week. If you want to keep this job, you must get your act together. † | 11)| A piece of the action| Participation in an activity. â€Å"I heard that you are looking for partners in your new investment. If you don't mind, I would like to get in on a piece of the action. † | 12)| Actions speak louder than words. Pe ople's intentions can be judged better by what they do than what they say. â€Å"Why don't you give her a hug instead of saying you are sorry, actions speak louder than words. † | 13)| In the air| Being discussed, generally obvious. â€Å"The days are getting longer and the flowers are blooming. Spring is in the air. † | 14)| Go ape| Go crazy. â€Å"Jack was really angry. I thought he was going to go ape. † | 15)| A grey area| Something that is difficult to define. â€Å"I researched your case, but there are not any black and white answers. Your situation seems to fall into a grey area. † | 16)| Up in arms| Angry. The crows was agitated. Everyone was up in arms over the government decision. † | 17)| Be glad to see the back of| Be happy when a person leaves. â€Å"That guy bothers me, I'll be glad to see the back of him. † | 18)| Give him/her credit| Acknowledge an achievement or contribution of a person. â€Å"Although he is not easy to work for, you have to give him credit for managing the company well. † | 19)| Go behind someone's back| Do something without telling someone. â€Å"Don't trust Jane. She acts friendly but she's always going behind someone's back. † | 20)| Each to his own| Everyone is entitled to his own individual opinion. I can't say that I like George's new furniture. It seems very plain and uncomfortable. Oh well, each to his own. † | 21)| Eager beaver| Enthusiastic person. â€Å"John did all of his homework before supper. He sure is an eager beaver. † | 22)| Early bird| A person who is early, or gets up early. â€Å"Dave was in class 30 minutes before anyone else. What an early bird. † | 23)| Scratch the surface| Examine only a part of something. Uncover only a few facts about something â€Å"Cancer research is a very long-term process. So far, we have just begun to scratch the surface. † | 24)| Give him the slip| Leave him.Hide from him. â€Å"I think that m an is following us. Let's give him the slip. † | 25)| Cold shoulder| To treat someone in an unfriendly manner. â€Å"I don't think Jim likes me. I tried to speak with him but he gave me the cold shoulder. † | 26)| Get the ball rolling| Start something. â€Å"All right everyone, we spent a lot of time planning this project. Now, it's time to get the ball rolling. † | 27)| Jump on the bandwagon| Join a popular trend or activity. â€Å"I like that new procedure and I've decided to jump on the bandwagon. † | 28)| A losing battle| Something that cannot be accomplished. I've tried fixing this phone many times, I just can't do it by myself. It's a losing battle. † | 29)| Keep something at bay| Keep something away. â€Å"Sarah found it difficult to keep the salesperson at bay. † | 30)| Spill the beans| Tell a secret. â€Å"I won't be the one to spill the beans. † | 31)| Beggars can't be choosers| People cannot complain about something they get for free. â€Å"I don't like the color of the sweater she gave me, but beggars can't be choosers. † | 32)| Flesh and blood| A relative. â€Å"I must help him. After all, he's my own flesh and blood. † | 33)| Give the benefit of the doubt| Believe someone's statement, without proof. The teacher's explanation did not seem logical, but I gave her the benefit of the doubt. † | 34)| A safe bet| Probably true. Will probably happen. â€Å"It's a safe bet that your English skills improve quickly if you study at Elanguest. † | 35)| Fit the bill| Seems correct. â€Å"That seems to fit the bill. I'll take it. † | 36)| Black and blue| Bruised. â€Å"He was beaten until he was black and blue. † | 37)| In cold blood| With no compassion or mercy. Usually associated with ruthless murder. â€Å"The assassin was evil. He killed him in cold blood. † | 38)| Out of the blue| Unexpected. â€Å"A great idea just came to me out of the blue. † | 9)| Cal l someone's bluff| Make someone prove what they say. â€Å"He implied that he would terminate my contract, but I called his bluff. † | 40)| Rock the boat| Create problems for other people. Everyone likes Anthony. He doesn't rock the boat. † | 41)| By the book| Doing something according to rules. â€Å"He's a good cop. He does everything by the book. † | 42)| Give someone the boot| Dismiss or get rid of someone. â€Å"Mr. Smith is an easy boss to work for. He doesn't like to give someone the boot. † | 43)| Get to the bottom of| Learn about and understand fully. â€Å"We are not sure what happened, but we intend to get to the bottom of this. | 44)| Out of bounds| Not permitted. â€Å"Hans wanted to ask Mary out on a date, but I explained that she is out of bounds. Mary is engaged to Jack. † | 45)| Bread and butter| Regular income. â€Å"We are very dependent on our advertising revenue. It's our bread and butter. † | 46)| The best thing since s liced bread| A good invention or innovation. â€Å"I love this paper folding machine. It's the best thing since sliced bread. † | 47)| Give me a break| Don't expect me to believe or agree with that. â€Å"You think the teacher is joking? Give me a break. † | 48)| Don't hold your breath| Don't wait too long because it might not happen. Yes, it's possible that they will lower taxes, but don't hold your breath. † | 49)| Cross that bridge when you come to it| Deal with a problem if and when it becomes necessary, not before. â€Å"I'm not too wirried about a possible downturn in the economy. Anyway, let's cross that bridge when we come to it. † | 50)| The bubble has burst| A previously positive situation has encountered a serious problem. â€Å"Last year, the stock market was doing very well. Unfortunately, it seems that the bubble has burst. † | 51)| The buck stops here| Problems are resloved here. â€Å"A lot of people try to pass problems to other pe ople.At my desk, however, the buck stops here. † | 52)| Burn your bridges| make it impossible to return. â€Å"Be polite when you hand in your resignation. After all, you don't want to burn your bridges. † | 53)| My ears are burning| I think someone is saying something about me. â€Å"Pierre is talking again. My ears are burning. † | 54)| Put on the back burner| Leave it for later. â€Å"I don't think we'll have time to complete it this year. Let's put it on the back burner. † | 55)| Someone means business| Someone is serious â€Å"Watch out for Harry. He's someone who means business. † | 56)| At the touch of a button| Quickly and easily. â€Å"No problem.I can change your account information at the touch a button. † | 57)| Have your cake and eat it| Enjoy something without paying for it. â€Å"He expected to pass without studying. Unfortunately, you cannot have your cake and eat it, too. † | 58)| A close call| Something (usually bad) almost happening. â€Å"That car almost hit us. That was a close call. † | 59)| Enough is enough| This should stop. â€Å"I have listened to his complaints for years but enough is enough. † | 60)| A fat cat| A wealthy person. â€Å"He has everything he needs. He's a real fat cat. † | 61)| My two cents worth| My humble opinion. â€Å"He seems like a corrupt politician.That's just my two cent's worth. † | 62)| Hang out| Be together, spend time with each other. â€Å"Hey Lauren, let's get together tonight, we can just hang out and practice our English. † | 63)| A change of heart| A changed opinion. â€Å"At one time, I supported George Bush. As time went on, however, I had a change of heart. † | 64)| Get something off your chest| Explain something that is bothering you. â€Å"Gary, you don't seem happy. Is there something you would like to get off your chest? † | 65)| Don't count your chickens before the eggs have hatched| Don't make pla ns for something that might not happen. Yes, I think we will probably get a raise in pay this year. Remember, though, don't count your chickens before the eggs have hatched. † | 66)| A chip on his shoulder| He is angry about something. â€Å"I don't know why he's so unhappy. He seems to have a chip on his shoulder. † | 67)| Come full circle| A process has been completed. â€Å"The salmon has returned to the place where it originally hatched. Its life cycle has come full circle. † | 68)| Squeaky clean| Legitimate and proper. â€Å"We checked all of her references. She's squeaky clean. † | 69)| In the clear| Out of trouble. â€Å"His innocence has been proven. He's in the clear. | 70)| Steer clear of| Avoid. â€Å"She's not very nice. I think we should steer clear of her. † | 71)| Round the clock| All day. â€Å"She's a very hard worker. She usually works around the clock. † | 72)| Turn back the clock| Go back in time. â€Å"I feel old. I wis h I could turn back the clock. † | 73)| Like clockwork| With mechanical efficiency. â€Å"He's very predictable. He always eats at the same time, like clockwork. † | 74)| Wake up and smell the coffee| Think more realistically. â€Å"He doesn not respect you as much as you think. Wake up and smell the coffee. † | 75)| The other side of the coin| Another version of a story or event. The global summit will encourage meaningfull dialogue. On the other side of the coin, it might result in violent protests. † | 76)| Left out in the cold| Left unaided or unprotected. â€Å"They don't include me in their group. I feel left out in the cold. † | 77)| With flying colors| With enthusiasm and exuberance. â€Å"I can't wait to see you all. I'll be there with flying colors. † | 78)| Scrape by| Have just enough but not more. â€Å"Our budget is not satisfactory but we will find a way to scrape by. † | 79)| A tough cookie| A stubborn, strong person. â⠂¬Å"Don't get Shirley upset. She's a tough cookie. † | 80)| Keep your cool| Don't become upset. Relax, keep your cool. † | 81)| Lose your cool| Become upset. â€Å"Don't get upset. If you lose your cool, it will make matters worse. † | 82)| In a tight corner| Without any good options. â€Å"Milo has run out of options. If he takes any more chance, he might find himself in a tight corner. † | 83)| A couch potato| A lazy person. â€Å"Luis just watches tv all day. He really is a couch potato. † | 84)| Takes its course| A situation develops naturally. â€Å"There is nothing we can do to relieve the effects of her disease. We can only wait and let the illness take its course. † | 85)| Up the creek| In trouble. â€Å"I warned Bill but he would not listen.Now, he's up the creek. † | 86)| Crocodile tears| Exaggerated or faked sympathy. â€Å"She told me she was sorry but she was not, it was just crocodile tears. † | 87)| When it comes t o the crunch| When there are no more possibilities. â€Å"Victor seems to have a casual point of view. When it comes to the crunch, though, he is a real professional. † | 88)| A far cry from| Very different from. â€Å"His personality is a far cry from his father's. † | 89)| Off-the-cuff| Without research, planning, or considering. â€Å"I haven't had the time to think about it. My off-the-cuff impression, however, is that it is a good idea. | 90)| Can't cut it| Cannot do it. â€Å"Kim shouldn't be working here. She just can't cut it. † | 91)| In the dark| Ignorant. â€Å"They didn't tell me anything. I felt like they had left me in the dark. † | 92)| A shot in the dark| A guess. â€Å"I'm not sure but I could take a shot in the dark. † | 93)| Call it a day| Stop. â€Å"I'm tired. Let's call it a day. † | 94)| Late in the day| (Almost) too late. â€Å"The government just decided to buy new helicopters, but it seems a little late in the day to make such a decision. † | 95)| In broad daylight| Without trying to hide it. â€Å"They robbed the bank in broad daylight. † | 6)| Makes someone's day| Make someone happy. â€Å"Your letter made my day! † | 97)| Wouldn't be caught dead| Would never. â€Å"I hate that dress. I wouldn't be caught dead wearing it. † | 98)| Get a raw deal| Receives less than what is deserved. â€Å"Be sure to read the contract carefully before you sign it. You don't want to get a raw deal. † | 99)| Runs deep| Entrenched, or ingrained. â€Å"He loves his country. Patriotism runs deep in his veins. † | 100)| Out of your depth| Beyond your existing knowledge or ability. You don't seem to have much experience in this subject. Are you sure you're not out of your depth? † | |

Belonging: An Individual’s Interaction with Others

Social interaction is an essential part of any relationship; it is the determining factor for one’s perceptions of the society around them and their own identity. Relationships are initially built upon mutual interests and acceptance and this is closely linked with one’s innate desire to be able to affiliate with a group or another individual. Both these ideas are explored in the ‘Namesake’ by Jhumpa Lahiri and the picture book: ‘The Lost Thing’ by Shaun Tan. Lahiri explores the importance of shared values and experiences in a relationship for it to prosper rather than the need for social interaction. This notion is shown through the relationship Ashoke and Ashima forge throughout their life. Despite having an arranged marriage, without having known each other beforehand, Ashoke and Ashima form a powerful emotional bond during their married life. Throughout the book, the interaction between Ashima and Ashoke is somewhat limited in speech but their bond is shown through emotive passages instead. An example of this is when Ashima tries on Ashoke’s shoes; this action is a symbolic harbinger of how well they both ‘fit’ together over the years. Furthermore, the quote: â€Å"Eight thousand miles away in Cambridge she has come to know him† illustrates how the challenges of being migrants together and the mutual experiences in America and in India serve to strengthen their conjugal ties. Their relationship, hence, is an intuitive one instead of one where verbal communication is needed. The ostracism experienced by one unable to interact with others is shown in ‘The Lost Thing’ by Shaun Tan. The lost thing is an anomalous creature in a bureaucratic society searching for a place to fit in. However wherever it goes, it is met with an apathetic attitude from the citizens. The citizens of this society are so innately obsessed with practical outcomes that they have lost all sense of creativity and even conversation for the sake of conversation. Tan illustrates the austerity of this world by depicting it with rigid angles and an overall sepia tone. However one boy forms a relationship with the lost thing out of pity and tries to find its home. The boy provides food, shelter and care to the lost thing and these simple actions fuel their temporary feelings of belonging. Their relationship is encouraged by the need to fulfill an action; in this case-finding the lost thing its home. The brevity of their relationship is highlighted by the abrupt separation of the two: â€Å"It seemed as good a time as any to say goodbye to each other. So we did. † The objective language and the truncated sentence demonstrate the brief and conditional nature of their bond. Once the condition was fulfilled, the need to belong was abated. This shows the necessity of interaction in creating a sense of belonging; had the citizens of the society acknowledged the presence of the lost thing, the lost thing may have remained there. Lahiri also goes on to demonstrate how social interaction can lead to one’s compromise of their identity. Gogol is a prime example of this; as a child of migrants, Gogol is confronted by two different cultures and feels he must be one or the other. As Gogol’s relationship with Maxine develops, we see him conform to Maxine’s standards, hiding his Bengali identity: â€Å"She is surprised to hear certain things about his life: that all his parents’ friends are Bengali, that they had had an arranged marriage, that his mother cooks Indian food every day, that she wears saris and a bindi. .. ’But you’re so different; i never would have thought that’. He is not insulted, but he is aware a line has been drawn all the same†. To be a part of Maxine’s life, Gogol realises that he has to live her way of life; the American way. This compromise of identity led to even more confusion on Gogol’s behalf and in the end, as he starts to embrace his heritage, he rejects Maxine and her life. This shows how one’s perceptions of identity are crucial in determining and maintaining relationships with others. The need for conformity in the society of ‘The Lost Thing’ in order to gain acceptance is shown by Shaun Tan. As the boy takes the lost thing around town, it is taken to the boy’s home. There, it takes up a huge amount of space and is impossible to ignore, however the parents of the boy do not even glance at it. Another instance where this lack of acknowledgement is shown is when the lost thing stands in line of banal, grey citizens. The lost thing clearly stands out as it is big, red and round, but no one notices it. Tan uses this confining imagery as a way to effectively convey the segregation between society and the lost thing. The lost thing is unable to integrate itself into the society as it is both unable to conform to the dull criterion of the society and unable to gain acknowledgment of its presence. The shunned lost thing finds no admission into this society where the citizens do not dare stray from their quotidian routine for fear of exclusion. There is a place in this society that odds things are taken o: â€Å"The Federal Department of Odds and Ends† with the motto â€Å"sweepus underum carpatae†. At the end of the book, the lost thing does not find its home but it does find a place where its individuality is accepted. The boy even goes as far as saying â€Å"I mean, I can’t say that the thing actually belonged in the place where it ended up. In fact, none of the things there really belonged. They all seemed happy enough though, so maybe that didn’t matter . † Consequently, what is shown here is that social interaction is needed, no matter what form of interaction, to gain a feeling of acceptance. Ultimately, social interaction is inherent in all aspects of belonging. It is the basis of all relationships and also a factor for one’s self perception of identity. This complex process is vital for one’s mental and physical health as it challenges the barriers in place that one automatically establishes in a new setting. The ‘Namesake’ by Jhumpa Lahiri and ‘The Lost Thing’ by Shaun Tan explore the ways in which social interaction can affect relationships and identity which in turn affect one’s perceptions of belonging.

Production Planning and Quality Management

Production Planning and Quality Management Free Online Research Papers An ERP system is a software package that attempts to integrate all data and processes of a company into one unified system. A typical system will use multiple components of hardware and software to achieve its goal. An MRP system is a software based planning and inventory control system that is used to manage certain manufacturing processes. An MRP should ensure proper amounts of materials and products are available, keep inventory as low as possible and plan manufacturing and purchasing activities and delivery schedules. Manychip should go with a MRP utility because their short term contracts, land the rapidly changing IT environment lends itself to low levels of in-stock products. The chips they make change rapidly and keeping large amounts of stock would no be feasible. Though MRP is an inflexible system some of it’s disadvantages will work at Manychip. The advantages of an ERP System are many and the one that stands out the most is its ease of use. This is a very user friendly type of system that requires minimum training to gain maximum efficiency from the software. An ERP system also introduces: Business best practices which helps provide greater control and standardized the way businesses perform their day to day processes, Ready-made solutions for the most common problems and Enterprise wide information sharing so everyone can see the same information from any computer in the company. Another thing that makes an ERP system so great is the fact that its made to be used â€Å"right out of the box† requiring only minor customization to fit a company’s particular requirements. Also, companies only have to enter information once into their database for all departments to be able to access what they need. This actually leads into another advantage of the ERP system and that is time reduction for task completion. Since all departments now have computerized access to information and are able to retrieve it quickly they are able to improve their times for decision-making. This all leads to the final advantage of the ERP system and that is increased customer satisfaction. The paper-based system often caused delays, lost orders and errors in processing due to so many hands being â€Å"in the cookie jar.† An ERP system, allows for quick movement of orders through each department with no in-basket to hold up the order. Even with all of it’s advantages, an ERP system does have it’s disadvantages such as the length of time it takes to implement the program, six months to 3 years in some instances. There are also major cost associated with this new system. The software and implementation phase can cost from $400,000 to $300 million with the average cost being $15 million. After this a company will be hit with costs ranging from training and customization, testing and implementation to data conversion and analysis. In the end the benefits will greatly outweigh the costs but, until then there will be a considerable bill for training and implementation. One advantage of an MRP system is its ability to keep inventory under control. This is good because lower levels of in-stock products mean that the company isn’t incurring charges for it to be stored. The biggest disadvantage to an MRP system is the integrity of the data. If there are any errors in the system your production schedule and output will be wrong. Another problem that many companies have with an MRP is the fact that the user must specify how long it will take to produce a product and it assumes that this lead time will be the same for every product, every time it is made and will not automatically change if the quantity changes. Finally, the other major problem with MRP is that it can and will give results that are very much impossible to implement however, MRP II takes care of most of this problem because it integrates the financials into its database. E-Z MRP was on my candidate list but, I discarded it because it was for very small businesses and it’s capabilities did not fit in with Manychip. Another package I really considered for a while was Sage Pro. It had everything that Manychip needed but, it was more of an ERP system than a MRP system. However, Merlin MRP Factory is geared for the IT manufacturing industry. This program is a new generation of software that manages ever level of your resource planning. The heart of this MRP is its ability to rapidly calculate shortages for all or just a selection of your production jobs. Merlin also allows the user to see all of their scheduled shop floor jobs, activites and work-station analysis at a glance with a simple color coding system. This color system also gives you the ability to quickly see jobs that are due and/or late. Merlin is fully customizable to fit any company’s exact needs with two programs that can be set-up on-site with installation and training done on premises. This means that when Merlin is handed over to you it is fully up and running with a well trained staff ready to take the reigns. Bolt-ons, ERP/SOA Resource Center. 06-18-2006. army.mil/ESCC/erp/bolt.htm. Retrieved 06-06-2007. ERPortal. Erp Advantages. bus.ucf.edu/awu/erp/pros.htm. Retrieved 06-06-2007. ERP. Enterprise Recourse Planning. March 25, 2003. http://people.clarkson.edu/~walczukj/ERP2.html#coursework. Retrieved 06-06-2007. INFOR, Focus on Essentials. Material Requirements Planning (MRP). 2007. lillysoftware.com/software_solution/manufacturing/material_requirement_planning_MRP.asp. Retrieved 06-06-2007. Merlin MRP Software for Manufacturing Plants and Job Shops. merlin-mrp-software.co.uk/. Retrieved 06-06-2007. 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Notes of business mathematics Essays

Notes of business mathematics Essays Notes of business mathematics Essay Notes of business mathematics Essay Mr.. Shave Sings Kansas 1 . The product of 2 numbers is 60 and their arithmetic mean in 8, find the numbers. 2. The monthly salary of a persona was RSI. 320 for each of the first three years. He next got annul increment of RSI. 40 per month for each of the following successive 12 years. His salary remained stationary till retirement when he found that his average monthly salary during the service period was RSI. 698. Find the period of his service. 3. Divide 36 into 6 parts in A. P such that the sum of their squares in RSI. 286. 4. A man saved RSI. 20,000 in 16 years. In each year after the first he saved RSI. 0 move that he did in the preceding year. How much did he save in the next year? 5. The some of three numbers in G. P in 70. If the extremes be multiplied each by 4 and the mean by 5 the products are in A. P find the numbers. 6. Three numbers whose sum is 18 are in A. P if 2, 1 are added to then respectively the resulting numbers are in G. P determine the numbers. Solve the equ ations. 7. 8. EX.-XX+100=o for example 9. XX-xx=1 11 . XX+2=12-XX 12. A fathers age is four times that of his son before 8 years the fathers age was sixteen times that of the son. Find fathers age. 13. A positive number is such that two third of its square equal 7 times the number. Find the number. 14. The sum of a denominator and numerator a fraction is 12. The fraction becomes equal to if 1 is subtracted from both denominator and numerator. Find the fraction? 15. Total price of 16 Keg. Wheat and 6 Keg. Rice is Rig the total price of 24 Keg. Rice is RSI. 52. 50 find the rate per Keg. Of wheat and rice. 16. A man sells 7 horses and 8 course at RSI. 2940 and 5 horses and scows at RSI. 21 50 what is the selling price of each? 7. There are only fifty paisa and twenty five paisa coins in a box. If the no. Of coins is 21 and their value is RSI. 6. Find the no. Of each type of coins matrix. 18. A manufacturer three terms P, Q R and sells them is two markets I II annual sales are given below. 2000 3000 the total revenue of each market using matrix. 19. Find A-I 20. Let A 21. Let A 22. A sales man has the following record of sales during three weeks for the three items X,Y Z which have different rate of commission. Weeks Unit sold Total Commission x z 2 3 50 20 10 270 450 260 23. One unit of commodity A is produced by combining 1 unit of land, 2 units of labor and 5 units of capital. One unit of B is produced by 2 unit of lard, 3 units of labor and 1 unit of capital, one unit of C is produced by 3 units of land, 1 unit of labor and 2 units of capital. If the price of C are RSI. 27, RSI. 16 Rs. 19 respectively find the rent R, wage W,7 rate of interest. Percentage 24. A businessman donated 3% of his income and spends 90% of his income on his family if a balance RSI. 1750 is with him find out his income. 25. A man has certain sum of money. He gang 20% of it to his eldest son 30% of the remaining to his youngest son and 10% of remaining term poor boys in a school. Still he has RSI. 100 and 50 paisa with him. Find the total sum? 26. A person saves 3/5 of what he spends from his income. Find out how much percentage of income does he saves. 27. When sales tax increased from 2% to 4 h%. A customer paid RSI. 63. 72 more then that of previous purchase. What is the cost price of that material? 28. There are 10 seats in a bus. In how many ways can four passengers acquire the 10 seats. 29. Find the value of r if pr =42. 0. A student decides to spare half an hour for each subject. If he has to study five present worth and true discount on a bill of RSI. 38 due 2 years hence at 4% compound interest compounded annually. 32. A farmer borrowed RSI. 4800 for his sons marriage and repaid the can after 3 years. If simple intent at the rate of 6 was charged. What additional amount had he to pay. 33. Purport borrowed RSI. 8000 10 years at compound interest and the rate of interest were 3% P. A for the first 3 years. 5% for the next four years and 6% for the rest 3 years. Calculate compound interest. 4. In what time a sum of money doubles it at 7 h% compound interest per annum? 35. A loan of RSI. 1000 is to be paid in 5 equal installments interest being at 6% per annum. Compounded annually and first payment being made after a year. What will be the interest per year? Verify your result also. Find DAY/DXL 37. Y 38. (213-21) 39. Y=xx (213+1) 40. Y?+, then show that 41 . XX+Y = sax 42. 43. 44. If xrexes-y Phone that 45. Y 46. In a certain examination 75% pars is group A 82% in group B and 15% fail in both the groups. Find out what percent are pass is examination. 47. A survey reports that 80% of the populations read magazine M. And 55% are males find the least possible percentage of males reading M and females reading M. 48. Define a set and give examples to illustrate the difference between collections a set. What are different ways to specify a set. Give examples. 49. Define relation on a set. What do you mean by the domain and range of a relation give examples. 50. Define reflexive, symmetric and transitive relation. Give example of each. 51 . A market research team interviews 160 students asking each of them whether are reads any or all of the gained: A, India today; B, business India; c, today. The team returns the following data. Category Number Category c AC BBC Are the returns consistent?

Probability of Union of 3 or More Sets

Probability of Union of 3 or More Sets When two events are mutually exclusive, the probability of their union can be calculated with the addition rule. We know that for rolling a die, rolling a number greater than four or a number less than three are mutually exclusive events, with nothing in common. So to find the probability of this event, we simply add the probability that we roll a number greater than four to the probability that we roll a number less than three. In symbols, we have the following, where the capital P  denotes â€Å"probability of†: P(greater than four or less than three) P(greater than four) P(less than three) 2/6 2/6 4/6. If the events are not mutually exclusive, then we do not simply add the probabilities of the events together, but we need to subtract the probability of the intersection of the events. Given the events A and B: P(A U B) P(A) P(B) - P(A ∠© B). Here we account for the possibility of double-counting those elements that are in both A and B, and that is why we subtract the probability of the intersection. The question that arises from this is, â€Å"Why stop with two sets? What is the probability of the union of more than two sets?† Formula for Union of 3 Sets We will extend the above ideas to the situation where we have three sets, which we will denote A, B, and C. We will not assume anything more than this, so there is the possibility that the sets have a non-empty intersection. The goal will be to calculate the probability of the union of these three sets, or P (A U B U C). The above discussion for two sets still holds. We can add together the probabilities of the individual sets A, B, and C, but in doing this we have double-counted some elements. The elements in the intersection of A and B have been double counted as before, but now there are other elements that have potentially been counted twice. The elements in the intersection of A and C and in the intersection of B and C have now also been counted twice. So the probabilities of these intersections must also be subtracted. But have we subtracted too much? There is something new to consider that we did not have to be concerned about when there were only two sets. Just as any two sets can have an intersection, all three sets can also have an intersection. In trying to make sure that we did not double count anything, we have not counted at all those elements that show up in all three sets. So the probability of the intersection of all three sets must be added back in. Here is the formula that is derived from the above discussion: P (A U B U C) P(A) P(B) P(C) - P(A ∠© B) - P(A ∠© C) - P(B ∠© C) P(A ∠© B ∠© C) Example Involving 2 Dice To see the formula for the probability of the union of three sets, suppose we are playing a board game that involves rolling two dice. Due to the rules of the game, we need to get at least one of the die to be a two, three or four to win. What is the probability of this? We note that we are trying to calculate the probability of the union of three events: rolling at least one two, rolling at least one three, rolling at least one four. So we can use the above formula with the following probabilities: The probability of rolling a two is 11/36. The numerator here comes from the fact that there are six outcomes in which the first die is a two, six in which the second die is a two, and one outcome where both dice are twos. This gives us 6 6 - 1 11.The probability of rolling a three is 11/36, for the same reason as above.The probability of rolling a four is 11/36, for the same reason as above.The probability of rolling a two and a three is 2/36. Here we can simply list the possibilities, the two could come first or it could come second.The probability of rolling a two and a four is 2/36, for the same reason that probability of a two and a three is 2/36.The probability of rolling a two, three and a four is 0 because we are only rolling two dice and there is no way to get three numbers with two dice. We now use the formula and see that the probability of getting at least a two, a three or a four is 11/36 11/36 11/36 – 2/36 – 2/36 – 2/36 0 27/36. Formula for Probability of Union of 4 Sets The reason why the formula for the probability of the union of four sets has its form is similar to the reasoning for the formula for three sets. As the number of sets increases, the number of pairs, triples and so on increase as well. With four sets there are six pairwise intersections that must be subtracted, four triple intersections to add back in, and now a quadruple intersection that needs to be subtracted. Given four sets A, B, C and D, the formula for the union of these sets is as follows: P (A U B U C U D) P(A) P(B) P(C) P(D) - P(A ∠© B) - P(A ∠© C) - P(A ∠© D)- P(B ∠© C) - P(B ∠© D) - P(C ∠© D) P(A ∠© B ∠© C) P(A ∠© B ∠© D) P(A ∠© C ∠© D) P(B ∠© C ∠© D) - P(A ∠© B ∠© C ∠© D). Overall Pattern We could write formulas (that would look even scarier than the one above) for the probability of the union of more than four sets, but from studying the above formulas we should notice some patterns. These patterns hold to calculate unions of more than four sets. The probability of the union of any number of sets can be found as follows: Add the probabilities of the individual events.Subtract the probabilities of the intersections of every pair of events.Add the probabilities of the intersection of every set of three events.Subtract the probabilities of the intersection of every set of four events.Continue this process until the last probability is the probability of the intersection of the total number of sets that we started with.

Distribution of Dividends Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Distribution of Dividends - Essay Example Moreover, we will discuss practical examples of companies that give dividends and purchase their own shares. Similarly, the process of determining the disbursement of dividends is discussed in this paper. In an organization share holders are of utmost importance because they buyout the shares of the company and certain affairs of the company are carried out because of share holders. Therefore, organizations take care of their shareholders by giving them dividends. The profit of the company is either reinvested in the company or the share holders are given dividends. Usually, shareholders receive dividends with respect to their share holding in the company. However, giving dividends to the shareholders is a critical method and it is considered as the core decision making element of the company (Madura, 2008). Proper brainstorming and decision making capabilities is essential for in this process because through dividends shareholders are motivated more to invest in the company. There are certain forms of giving the dividends like dividends are distributed on cash basis and they are known as cash dividends. These dividends are distributed through checks and these are taxable in the reci pient in the year when they are actually paid. Certain dividends are distributed in the form of additional shares and in certain cases dividends are given in the form of property and they are known as property dividends. However, the distribution process is based on certain characteristics and it is one of the crucial decisions for the top hierarchy of an organization. Divided policy of the organization is considered to be an important element in determining the distribution of dividends. This policy revolves around the idea of payout earnings versus retaining and then reinvesting them. The dividend policy includes certain factors like: How frequent the company would pay dividends What are stable or irregular dividends What is high or low dividend payout Investor preferences and theories of dividend policy Dividends are paid to the shareholders in order to keep them attached and interested with the company. Usually, there are three theories of dividend policy these are: Dividend irrelevance Bird in the hand Tax preference Dividend irrelevance This theory is widely used in the process of distributing dividends. However, this policy arises that the investors are indifferent between the phenomenon of dividends and retention-generated capital gains. Investors have the tendency to create their own policy that if they want cash they can sell their stocks (Mishkin & Eakins, 2008). Similarly, if they don't want cash then they can use dividends to buy the stock. This model was proposed by Modigliani and Miller but it was based on unrealistic assumptions. The core aspect of this theory is that investors are not concerned about the company policy on dividends because they have the choice of selling portfolio of equities if they are interested in having cash. The issuance of dividends should have negligible or no impact on the stock price. Bird-in-the-hand theory Investors think that the dividends of the company are less risky as compared to the future capital gains, therefore they prefer dividends.

Research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 11

Research paper - Essay Example This kind of situation is not new. There are countries who continue to believe that education should be conducted in the local vernacular. They say that it is not good for the young ones to learn in a language other than their own because it might cause them to forget their native tongue. However, as the demands of society continue to make people and companies more aggressive there is a need for an adjustment in the educational system in order for skills to be sufficient for those demands. In the traditional curriculum, education has always been conducted in the native language. However, as more and more nations interact with each other in trade and commerce, schools have opted to teach in an additional language, most commonly English, to further enhance the students’ communication skills. This is called bilingual education. â€Å"Bilingual education is a form of education in which information is presented to the students in two (or more) languages.† (Bilingual Education) Bilingual education is good to use in the curriculum in elementary schools because it helps them to prepare for viable employment, communicating with others, and educational success. Language is a very important part of one’s individuality. At times, it is the mother tongue which distinguishes one nationality from another. Because of this, the introduction of bilingual education has come to face opposition. Throughout the world, however, there is still an obvious need to promote and practice bilingual education for the benefit of the younger generation. As some countries continue to practice teaching in the mother tongue, families go through many sacrifices in order to catch up with the fast-moving world. A typical scenario would be children being forced to study another language as hard as they could so as to be more efficient communication-wise. All this studying, though, sets aside the child’s right to a normal and fun childhood. Korean students

Broad environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Broad environment - Essay Example When the economy experiences a downward trend, people tend to cut down on their eating out activities and as such, the sales of the restaurants are directly impacted. This is because, spending in restaurants is considered to be a leisure activity due to which the priority to save money by cutting down on these activities are higher (American Business, 2011). Consumer activism with respect to the restaurant sector of the US is high and as such the restaurants operating in this segment have to concentrate on continually adhering to the existing consumer demands and preferences so that a higher level of sustainability is achieved in the businesses (Glickman, 2009). There have been major regional shifts in the population of the United States noted in the last few years. This phenomenon has changed the patterns in which the restaurant industry hires people. The employment patterns have changed with an increase in the influx of diverse groups of employees into the restaurant industry of th e country. Considering the interest rates and the banking trends remain a first financial priority for the restaurants in the United States. Also, the restaurants have to continuously adapt to the economic change so as to ensure higher sustainable competitive advantage (Chibng, 2011). The technological changes have also become a crucial influencer of the functioning trends of the restaurant segment. The advent of new technologies has facilitated different ways of reducing operational costs and achieving higher efficiency levels in the restaurants services. The new cooking technologies and equipment makes it possible for the restaurant businesses to reduce the cost of operating and create higher levels of consumer service and consequently enhance the consumer experiences. The use of new technologies, robots and electronic gadgets for operating the manual equipment used for cooking food and disturbing food in the restaurants has become a high

Candidate for the position of Chief of the Virtual Police Department Research Paper

Candidate for the position of Chief of the Virtual Police Department - Research Paper Example Community policing works towards ensuring that both the police and the citizens come together to prevent the occurrences and as well brings resolution to neighborhood conflicts. Community policing emphasizes on stoppage of the crimes or any other evil acts before they happen. It does not just deal with just making responses to calls after the occurrences of a crime. Its aim is to prevent the crimes and dealing with it in the process it is occurring. Furthermore, Community policing ensure that citizens get a lot of control of their lives’ quality control and regulation in their societies. The policing would mean that the corps becomes part and a fraction of the neighborhood. Community Policing also helps in ensuring that the police get a better understanding and knowledge of the demands of the citizens. Consequently, the citizens will gain trust in the police officers and their services to the community (Stevens, 1995). They will gain confidence in the police and respect and co rporate with them. In other words, the community works hand in hand with the department of the police in the community. If people believe that the community policy is in practice in their society, these people will be more possibly willing to give their good opinions, ideas and perceptions of these police. Moreover, in collaboration, both the community and police department will show togetherness in their work for them to accomplish their shared interests and objectives of creating a better and safer environment to dwell in. Together to attain shared objectives of a safer, better place to live. It is an indication of democracy and freedom in practice. Moreover, community policing is taken as an efficient and effective way to enhance the goodness of life within a community. Moreover, community policing also does a very significant role in giving meaning to the two aspects of policing. These are

Islamic Societies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Islamic Societies - Essay Example Religious matters are mentioned not very often in the text. The main character of the text states that â€Å"I had covenanted with Allah, be He exalted, since I was of the age of about a score, that I would not delay prayer as for as it was in my power†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Chenery, Steingass, 1867/1898, 58). The text concerns itself with such Arabic literature features as protection of persons from sins, prayers among people, especially poor. The text contradicts to description of such a moment in the piece of reading when the events take place on the slaves market which is located in the city of Zabid, Yemen. The Arabic literature states that the Prophet Muhammad was the first fighter against the slavery. This piece of text belongs to the type of maqama – a prose which is rhymed and something between fiction and non-fiction. As this type of writing tackles different subjects within the text, the subjects of it are religious matters – protection from sins, prayers, and descr iption of slavery, a contradictory point to the Arabic literature. The second reading source, Irwin’s â€Å"The Penguin Anthology of Classical Arabic Literature†, also has religious issues. There is an example in the text when the Prophet is referred to: â€Å"Bless Mohammed, the last of Thy prophets for ever, him that came thy message to deliver! Bless the lights of his family and Keys of his victory!† (Irwin, 2006, 190). This reference source provides evidence of efflorescence of the Arabic literature. Such poet as Omar Khayyam is reasonably considered the most prominent one in the Arabic literature. His most famous book, Rubaiyat, describes the things that are far from the Islamic religion norms and restrictions, and he is considered to be the supporter of hedonism. Another bright example of the Arabic literature is One thousand and One Nights, a collection of South

Operational management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Operational management - Case Study Example In the work of Barnes (2008) operations management entails proper use of the available resources to make effective and quality production successful. McDonalds embraced the operations management strategy, validating the reason for its success in the market. First, Hill (n.d.) argues that McDonalds has spent a great deal of their energy on product planning. This is inclusive of coming up with products that are friendly to the clients in terms of cost and attractiveness. In the case of McDonalds, a lot of clients have indicated their passion for the chicken nuggets by the restaurant (Hill, n.d.). With the schedule manager on board, McDonalds is able to plan a sales chart, which allows production at any given time. The clients, therefore, return as they yearn for more from McDonalds and are rarely disappointed by the organization. New products are constantly added on the menu as seen in Hill’s (n.d.) work since the client’s preferences constantly change. The menu is inclusive of all foods and drinks for all weathers even the cold season (Hill, n.d.). McDonalds is keen to plan a way forward to deal with its high demand. Hill (n.d.) clearly indicates how McDonalds deals with the volume of production and how to deal with the demand of the clients. Planning the capacity in this case has led to the organization deal with the demand variations both on long and short term basis. Hill (n.d.) emphasizes that the McDonald’s managers are quick to respond to the peak hours of the business, for instance lunchtimes, Friday evenings and weekends in the Eastborough restaurant. With adequate stock of ingredients, McDonalds is able to maintain its large clientele base. In the McDonalds world, layout design has been of essence in making the organization a success. Hill (n.d.) quickly explains the arrangement of the organization that allows effective working, service provision, welcoming the clients, administration and

Islamic Societies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Islamic Societies - Essay Example Religious matters are mentioned not very often in the text. The main character of the text states that â€Å"I had covenanted with Allah, be He exalted, since I was of the age of about a score, that I would not delay prayer as for as it was in my power†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Chenery, Steingass, 1867/1898, 58). The text concerns itself with such Arabic literature features as protection of persons from sins, prayers among people, especially poor. The text contradicts to description of such a moment in the piece of reading when the events take place on the slaves market which is located in the city of Zabid, Yemen. The Arabic literature states that the Prophet Muhammad was the first fighter against the slavery. This piece of text belongs to the type of maqama – a prose which is rhymed and something between fiction and non-fiction. As this type of writing tackles different subjects within the text, the subjects of it are religious matters – protection from sins, prayers, and descr iption of slavery, a contradictory point to the Arabic literature. The second reading source, Irwin’s â€Å"The Penguin Anthology of Classical Arabic Literature†, also has religious issues. There is an example in the text when the Prophet is referred to: â€Å"Bless Mohammed, the last of Thy prophets for ever, him that came thy message to deliver! Bless the lights of his family and Keys of his victory!† (Irwin, 2006, 190). This reference source provides evidence of efflorescence of the Arabic literature. Such poet as Omar Khayyam is reasonably considered the most prominent one in the Arabic literature. His most famous book, Rubaiyat, describes the things that are far from the Islamic religion norms and restrictions, and he is considered to be the supporter of hedonism. Another bright example of the Arabic literature is One thousand and One Nights, a collection of South

Inequality in the UK its effect on the national economy Essay

Inequality in the UK its effect on the national economy - Essay Example Why should economists care about inequality in the distribution of incomes? Poverty and economic inequality are intimately bound with one another both as a policy or an analytical issue. Economic well-being and income distribution are related as demonstrated in the societal understanding of justice and human rights, and, therefore, render economic equality an intrinsic value. High levels of economic equity are associated with desirable social outcomes especially in the realms of health and crime (Andrew and Meen2006). The EU defines poverty as living on less than half the average national income, as such, irrespective of the average income, the greater the income inequality, the higher levels of poverty in a country. The definition of the extent of poverty depends on both the level of a society’s income and the distribution of income. Therefore, societal standards or norms of essential needs in a society are determined by the middle class (Brueckner, Thisse and Zenou 1999). In the case of two societies where the bottom segments have the same level of income, poverty is more prevalent in the in the society where income is more unequally distributed. The bottom quintile of the unequal society will be more isolated from the middle quintile and will, therefore, be further from meeting the standards of that society. As a result, more members of this bottom quintile will be stuck in poverty (Beroube 2005).

Overview of the Malthus-Ricardo Debate

Overview of the Malthus-Ricardo Debate The world known controversy between the Malthus and Ricardo has long been considered as a source of history for economic thought. But no one try to investigate this as a polemical dialogical exchange (Glyn, 2006). The present study is undertaken to fill this gap within the framework of a more ambitious project that places controversies at the center of an account of the history of ideas, in science and elsewhere. According to my views the dialogical co-text is essential for comparing and contrasting the Malthus and Ricardo views about different economic perspectives. The initial step towards analyzing these controversies is the analysis of their backgrounds. Because backgrounds are essential part to investigate the real story of Ricardo Malthus debate. Then we shall move towards the comparison of their views towards different economic perspectives (Cremaschi Dascal, 1998). Malthus was born in 1766, in the core of troubled but optimistic period. He was the younger son of his father, Daniel Malthus. His father was a gentleman from good family background. Daniel Malthus has some sort of intellectual statutory into his personality. Malthus was born into an English family that belongs to the gentry of the country. Malthus was having the disadvantage of stammering by birth. Due to this defect he has to face huge difficulties in selecting his profession. This natural disability was the major constraint in the Malthus career choice (Cremaschi Dascal, 1998). As a student Malthus was a boy with excellent academic career. He was pride for his teachers. He performed distinctions, got scholarships and selected as fellow of Trinity College. Malthus lived a relatively placid life. During his stay in the Trinity college, he began to develop the perfectibility and of philosophic anarchism in him. He also learned about the rationality and how men and women could learn to live rationally through their whole life and can accomplish their lives (Cremaschi Dascal, 1998). The first edition of his essay in 1798 made him famous in the age of 32. The essay got hatred from some sections of community due to its deriding the hopes for progress and arguing about the futility of charity to children. The below passage can clearly portrays the Malthus View of human progress, â€Å"The vices of mankind are active and able ministers of depopulation. They are the precursors of the army of destruction; and often finish the dreadful work themselves. But should they fail in this war of extermination, sickly seasons, epidemics, pestilence, and plague advance in terrific array, and sweep off their thousands and ten thousands. Should success be still incomplete, gigantic inevitable famine stalks in the rear, and with one mighty blow, levels the population with the food of the world† In these excerpts Malthus made it clear that overpopulation can be disastrous for the mankind. His argument was totally against the Godwin’s faith in the ability to rule the rationality as supplant the principle of overpopulation (Glyn,2006). David Ricardo was born six years after Malthus and to a very different station in life. Ricardo’s father was a broker who had been migrated from Amsterdam to London just few years before the birth of Ricardo. His father joined the Jewish community and Ricardo was sent to Jewish school in Amsterdam to get proper education when he became old enough. HE returned to London in age of fourteen and start taking interest in his father’s business. Due to controversy between Ricardo and his parents, he had to leave the house. After quitting house, Ricardo opt the trade profession, the only professions he knows. He quickly proved himself to be the Boy Wonder of Thread needle Street. Till the age of thirty he collected enough wealth and get bored from this accumulation of wealth. So he started turning his mind towards other things like economics (Rashid,1981). Economics was the major thing which he adopted after leaving the wealth accumulation. In 1799 he read the Wealth of nations and this inspired him too much to continuously read and think about the economics. Ricardo took participate to solve he inflation crisis in the parliament. This and some of the other major events e.g. depreciation of led to the first meeting between David Ricardo and Malthus. And from the very first meeting they became good friends. They were good friends but they could never long out for each other’s minds. Below are the major controversies of their thought and views on some major theories and perspectives. The Corn Laws Controversy The extraordinary collaboration of their thoughts emerged after few years of their initial encounter. The occasions were the controversy over the Corn Laws. Corn Laws were about the variable tariffs and export subsidies which were levied to protect and promote the English agriculture. In the times of Napoleonic Wars, farm prices were specifically high due to the coincidence of wartime demand. After war ended, the economic destabilization caused due to some bumper crops. This destabilization lowered the wheat prices by 50% in 1812-1815. Tariff protection was necessary tool to protect the agriculture demand. This was the major debate of that time. Malthus and Ricardo first time entered into the public debate from opposite sides over this issue. The debate is the basis for the formulation of rent theory of Malthus and Ricardian elaboration of rent theory of Malthus. The argument served as kernel for the establishment of the political economy and taxation. Ricardo was of the view that with the growth of country’s population, capital or wealth would be accumulated and this can cause the farming prices to fall. As the farmers have to resort to least productive land. This would also cause to fall down the general profit rates for agriculture in the economy. Malthus completely disagrees with this conclusion of Ricardo. He published his observation on the Corn Laws in the form of pamphlet. This pamphlet was the review of advantages as well as disadvantages of imposing tariff on imported agricultural commodities. Malthus was of the view that retaining the high tariffs on corn is necessary for its protection. Malthus argued that protection of Corn Laws is vital for protecting the English Agriculture as ways improving the vitality of English ways and institutions. Ricardo Continuously argued about the adverse effects of the population growth and capital accumulation due to protection of rents which was supported by Malthus. Ricardo argued against the Malthus concept of rent vehemently that Future success of the English economy depends upon the progress of industries which is being stifled through Corn laws. Ricardo argument about Corn Laws can be concluded as â€Å"If, then, the prosperity of the commercial classes will most certainly lead to accumulation of capital, and the encouragement of productive industry; these can by no means be so surely obtained as by a fall in the price of corn.† Although this debate did not lead them towards making any final theory about the policy issues, but it provided the strong basis for theory of national income. There were some similarities in their arguments too. They both relied upon the population theory while explaining level of real wages. Malthus theory of rent was focal point of Ricardo and Malthus arguments. They both recognized that rate of profit in agriculture can be determined through the productivity of the marginal land which is cultivated. Thus they include the marginal productivity into economic thoughts although in limited manner. They also agreed that rate of profit had to be the same in all industries where competition prevailed. Thus all the ingredients of Ricardian distribution and growth theory were in place and agreed upon. The Gluts Controversy The next controversial debate between Ricardo and Malthus was one the â€Å"gluts†. After the Waterloo English economy slumped into severe postwar depression called as glut. They were thinking about the possible solution to mitigate this challenge. Ricardo perceived that condition of general overproduction is impossible without the transiently. To balanced the oversupply of one commodity shortage of other commodity in necessary. Malthus argued about hat point that total demand can be smaller than the total output. But working population and other resources could produce if fully employed. The working population is able to buy subsistence only. If the well-off classes were too abstemious, the prices of luxuries could fall to the point where there was no profit in producing them, and glut would ensue. In the extreme, Malthus pointed out, if everyone lived on a subsistence scale there would have to be a vast oversupply of commodities since each worker could produce much more than bare subsistence for himself and his family. This debate was revived hundred years after the death of both the Malthus and Ricardo. Malthus devoted the final chapter of his book to the issue of glut and the need for a class of unproductive consumers who would provide the demand that would keep the rest of the economy employed profitably. Malthus pointed out those English landed gentry was the exception ally that is well equipped to fulfill that function. Ricardo holds the argument that â€Å" I can see no soundness in the reasons you give for the usefulness of demand on the part of unproductive consumers. How their consuming, without reproducing, can be beneficial to a country, in any possible state of it, I confess I cannot discover.(Glyn, 2006) The Value Controversy All the while that Malthus and Ricardo were arguing about the Corn Laws and the nature of gluts, they were conducting a third interminable dispute. This one concerned the definition, measurement, and cause of value. From our perspective, the concern over value, which extended from Adam Smith to Stanley Jevons at least, was a great waste of words and time. But Malthus, Ricardo, and their contemporaries took it very seriously, and with some reason (Rashid, 1981). They had enough experience with inflations, crop failures and bumper crops, and other economic disturbances to recognize that money prices fluctuated too erratically to indicate long-run relation-ships or to reveal underlying trends. They believed that each commodity had a property that, following Adam Smith, they called its natural value, which explained the ratio of its money price to the prices of other commodities (Glyn, 2006). Both Ricardo and Malthus agreed upon this fact but when they define the natural value they were devising to measure it in practice. In devising the endless practice, they too became engaged in the debate. The debate was about the practical measurement of values of the commodities. In this perspective, Ricardo argued that there is no tool for measuring the value of commodities. Instead the natural values of the commodities can be expressed in terms of approximation by comparing with the precious metals (O’Brian, 1981). In this scenario, Malthus advocated that values of the commodities can be measured by using the cost of labor (wages). This can be done of the grounds that there should be equal quantity of labor for measuring the natural as well as absolute value (Glyn, 2006). Malthus-Ricardo debate on under consumption Malthuss under consumption theory of business recession be summarized as follows; ‘If producers have not anticipated a fall in consumption demand, they will not be able to sell their products at a price that yields a normal rate of return. Discouraged by their losses, these producers will scale down their production levels and engage in less investment than they would otherwise. As a result, an under consumptions business recession ensues: Ricardo took the Malthus remarks as most important part for his principals. He responded the under consumption theory in two different ways (O’Brian, 1981). These are; Statement of effects: The first response was in the form that he did not understand the Malthus theory. The reason for this was that Ricardo was anticipating a model type system which he could not find the under consumption theory. Direct criticism: The other response was in the form of direct denigration on the Malthus theory. Ricardo found it difficult to hold completely the Malthus theory. Ricardo separated the conclusions for the theory and criticizes them. He criticizes the defects in the reasoning (O’Brian, 1981). One conclusion not satisfying the Ricardo was general access of supply termed as glut. Ricardo argued that any excess supply can be balanced by demands. Malthus argued about hat point that total demand can be smaller than the total output. But working population and other resources could produce if fully employed. The working population is able to buy subsistence only. If the well-off classes were too abstemious, the prices of luxuries could fall to the point where there was no profit in producing them, and glut would ensue. In the extreme, Malthus pointed out, if everyone lived on a subsistence scale there would have to be a vast oversupply of commodities since each worker could produce much more than bare subsistence for himself and his family. This debate was revived hundred years after the death of both the Malthus and Ricardo. It can be concluded that Malthus and Ricardo were good friends who could never agree with each other on economic matters. Their first controversy was about the Corn Laws. Corn Laws were about the variable tariffs and export subsidies which were levied to protect and promote the English agriculture. In the times of Napoleonic Wars, farm prices were specifically high due to the coincidence of wartime demand. Malthus completely disagrees with this conclusion of Ricardo. He published his observation on the Corn Laws in the form of pamphlet. This pamphlet was the review of advantages as well as disadvantages of imposing tariff on imported agricultural commodities. Malthus was of the view that retaining the high tariffs on corn is necessary for its protection. Malthus argued that protection of Corn Laws is vital for protecting the English Agriculture as ways improving the vitality of English ways and institutions (O’Brian, 1981). Ricardo Continuously argued about the adverse effects of the population growth and capital accumulation due to protection of rents which was supported by Malthus. Ricardo argued against the Malthus concept of rent vehemently that Future success of the English economy depends upon the progress of industries which is being stifled through Corn Laws. The other major controversy was on the glut issue. There were good reasons why they could never agree. One of the reasons for their continuous conflict was that they were born and bred in two different cultures and traditions. The adopted the economics after getting through different occupations and preconceptions. These conceptions shaped their views and thinking about Corn Laws and glut controversies (Glyn, 2006). In the extreme, Malthus pointed out, if everyone lived on a subsistence scale there would have to be a vast oversupply of commodities since each worker could produce much more than bare subsistence for himself and his family. This debate was revived hundred years after the death of both the Malthus and Ricardo. Malthus devoted the final chapter of his book to the issue of glut and the need for a class of unproductive consumers who would provide the demand that would keep the rest of the economy employed profitably Although they brought up in two different cultures and modes, Ricardo was quick, brilliant and concise while Malthus was moderate and motivated. Although Ricardo as the archetypical theorist while Malthus was the practical economists. Ricardo favors the clean and simple cases while Malthus developed its thoughts from the rich and complex economic life. This is not the strange that they could not agree each other but simple thing is that they could not stand each other. Their differences arise in their mind sets, collaborations, cultures and perceptions. This can be reflected through their collaborations and friendships. Both Ricardo and Malthus agreed upon this fact but when they define the natural value they were devising to measure it in practice. In devising the endless practice, they too became engaged in the debate. The debate was about the practical measurement of values of the commodities.Their struggles to convey to each other their views of the forces that drove their economy are an inspiring case study in both the difficulty and the possibility of human communication. They were best friends who could not satisfy each other through their arguments and judgments. And they could never minimize their differences. Their differences can be more visibly seen from their writings, speeches and manuscripts and analysis. There are some similarities in their analysis too but mainly there was differences and opposite arguments about certain economic t heories. But their differences and opposite arguments gave the most valuable analysis of modern economic theories. The long debate help to view the economic theories from every perspectives. References Cremaschi, S., Dascal, M. (1998). Persuasion and argument in the Malthus-Ricardo correspondence.Research in the History of Economic Thought and Methodology, 1-64. Cremaschi, S., Dascal, M. (1998). Malthus and Ricardo: Two styles for economic theory.Science in Context,11(02), 229-254. Dascal, M., Cremaschi, S. (1999). The Malthus-Ricardo correspondence: Sequential structure, argumentative patterns, and rationality.Journal of pragmatics,31(9), 1129-1172. Glyn, A. (2006). The corn model, gluts and surplus value.Cambridge Journal of Economics,30(2), 307-312. OBrien, D. P. (1981). Ricardian economics and the economics of David Ricardo.Oxford Economic Papers, 352-386. Richerson, P. J., Boyd, R. (1998). Homage to Malthus, Ricardo, and Boserup Toward a General Theory of Population, Economic Growth, Environmental Deterioration, Wealth, and Poverty.Human Ecology Review,4, 85-90. Rashid, S. (1981). Malthus Principles and British economic thought, 1820–1835.History of Political Economy,13(1), 55-79.

Hitler an the Holocaust :: Essays Papers

Hitler an the Holocaust Adolph Hitler was known as the dictator of Nazi Germany. As a youth, Hitler already showed signs that characterized his later life, such as the unableness to make ordinary human relationships, a hatred for non-Germany people such as the Jews, and the dream of living in a world of fantasy. So when Adolph Hitler came into power in 1933, he lived out these characteristics in a very publicized way. Once elected, Hitler went on to create an absolute dictatorship and had an ultimate goal of establishing a greater Germany that had ever existed before in history. In the establishment of this great Germany, Hitler was able to murder approximately six million Jews with his Nazi Germany during World War II.1 The Jews were believed to have an inheritance that threatened German and Christian values. This attempt made by the Germans to kill as many Jews as possible came to be know as the Holocaust. On January 30, 1933, the German president Hindenburg named Adolph Hitler the Chancellor, which was the most powerful position in the German government.2 At this time Hitler was already the leader of the strongest and most powerful party in Germany, the Nazi Party. The Nazis first called the German Workers’ Party, were a nationalist and extremely racist group that held the same views as Hitler.3 Hitler first started out as a member of the Party, then moved his way to the top. He soon changed the name of the German Workers’ Party to the National Socialist German Workers’ Party, otherwise known as the Nazis.4 The party all had basically the same views and ideas; they were all violent, racial, nationalists, and opposed liberal democracy. The party took the symbol of the swastika and the Heil greeting from other German racist groups, and the German salute.5 Hitler rose to become the highest power in the Nazi party and was ready to become the leader of Germ any. As soon as he was put in power, Hitler was out to end German democracy and instead make an absolute dictatorship. In March of 1933, the Enabling Act gave Hitler ultimate dictator power.6 As soon as this power was granted, Hitler began preparing for the war. In preparing for war, Hitler recreated a universal military service; he then went on to build a powerful air force.

Essay --

In this paper there will be instructions on how to break a colt. An interesting fact about horses in general is that they live breath run walk, to be used to ride and they enjoy it. People have a passion for them, and it's viral to understand how to help one's colt to accomplish as much as possible. The first thing that will be taught to one in this paper is the first thing that is needed to know to start a colt which is catching them. To start off one will need to get the colt into a confined place, or a round pin where one can catch the colt easily and it's the safest place to catch a colt. Corner the colt not meanly just so the place the colt is in is smaller. The norm is the colt gets frightened by one's touch, so let them sniff one's hand then reach around their neck which might frighten them so just do this step again and they should let up on it. Next, reach for their neck and put the lead rope around it and slide the halter on. Once your comfortable with the way your colt acts to the halter, the colt might not be ready until you have gone is to through this step a few tim...

Copyright infringement case between Leibovitz and Paramount Pictures Corporation Essay

Copyright infringement case between Leibovitz and ParamountPictures Corporation Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Copyright infringement is the duplication, circulation, presentation, or cradling of a copyrighted part of work lacking the clear approval of the copyright holder or owner. The idea of Infringement is a strict offense that interrupts different limited rights granted to those who on copyright (Gerstenblith, 2004). In this case, the ad adds a bit new and succeeds as a transformative exertion. In addition, because the grinning face of Neilsen differentiate the serious appearance of Moore, the advertisement may practically be alleged as remarking on the solemnity of the original, conveying it within one of the purposes. Idea that the ad is diverse from the original is not negative as to whether it comments. Here, the ad varies in a way that may practically be alleged as remarking through tease on the seriousness borne in the original or the attractiveness of the expectant female physique. Therefore, the parody was used to stimulate a marketabl e product that is the motion picture and the stable parodist nature of the advertisement balances in favor of ruling fair use (Sobel, 1979).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, referring to the infringement case between photographer Leibovitz and the paramount pictures corporation, the case is entitled to little safety under the fair application of defense. The circumstance that the copyrighted work is innovative from the photographer and thus adjacent to the principal purpose of copyright protection is implausible to supplement much in terms of parody examination because parodies defines expressive works, this means that Leibovitz was all right since little attention is given to the issue in the general analysis because it ascends in the background of parody. This parody will possibly not influence the market for the unique copy because the parody and unique usually serve diverse market purposes. According to the appellant, the advertisement did not hamper with a market for her photo and derived works centered upon her photo and therefore this factor favors Paramount (Sobel, 1979).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The issue of parodies can be explained through; the quantity and value of the materials taken from the unique work, enough of the original, desertion from the previous condition that for a parody to be eligible to unbiased use defense in order to conjure up the unique, whether the quantity of work used is reasonable depending on the level to which the duplicate work override purpose and personality to the original (Gerstenblith, 2004). Leibovitz description of a naked, pregnant body impersonated in a certain mode is not allowed to safety since such posturing long ago passed in the public purview and therefore this factor favours defendant. The main analysis should be whether the replication work merely replaces the object of the original or as an alternative puts something new, with more purpose or diverse character, changing the first with new appearance, implication, or communication. References Sobel, L. S. (1979). Entertainment law reporter. Beverly Hills, Calif: Entertainment Law Reporter Pub. Co.Gerstenblith, P. (2004). Art, cultural heritage, and the law: Cases and materials. Durham, N.C: Carolina Academic Press. Source document

Challenges Facing the Youth

Bill Henry ENC 1101 4th period Would you agree that in society today, there are several challenges facing the youth? Due to the economy and state standards, it has become harder for the youth to not only set goals but to accomplish the task which they have set for themselves. Graduation rates are lower, college enrollment is declining, and unemployment rates are increasing. One challenge facing today’s youth is that graduation rates are gradually decreasing yearly because school is becoming harder due to new state standards. As of the year 2012-2013, eleventh grade students have been required to take a test called the PERT.The PERT test assesses students on the three basic subjects: math, reading, and writing skills. To display college readiness it is required that a student at least makes a 113 in math, 104 in reading, and a 99 in writing. If you fail to obtain the recommended score in these subject areas and your ACT scores are lower than average, you will be placed in remed ial courses your senior year. Not all students are great test takers; therefore, for most students this may be a challenge. Yet another challenge is declining college enrollment. Many young adults feel as though college is not for them due to the hard time they may have had in high school.Not only that, the cost of tuition is extremely high. Between 2000–01 and 2010–11, prices for undergraduate tuition, room, and board at public institutions rose 42 percent. Most young adults cannot afford it, especially those who are forced to be on their own after high school. Another challenge that is facing the youth is increasing unemployment rates. In a 2011 news story, BusinessWeek reported, â€Å"More than 200 million people globally are out of work, a record high, as almost two-thirds of advanced economies and half of developing countries are experiencing a slowdown in employment growth†.Nowadays, most jobs require that you have a high school diploma to work. Not everyo ne finishes high school! Many students in previous years are satisfied with a GED. These young adults with GED’s have now encountered a problem with job finding. Due to the economy and state standards, graduation rates are lower, college enrollment is declining, and unemployment rates are increasing. Yes, I definitely agree that in society today, there are several challenges facing the youth.

Voluntary turnover

Chapter NO.1IntroductionBackground1.01 Employee turnover is a much-studied phenomenon. There is a huge literature on the causes of voluntary employee turnover dating back to the fiftiess. 1.02 Voluntary turnover is a major job for many organisations in many Asiatic states ( Barnett, 1995 ; Chang, 1996 ; Syrett, 1994 ) . Employee turnover is giving insomniac darks to human resource directors in many states in Asia ( Naresh Khatri ) . Organizations are passing tonss of money to cut down employee turnover. Employee turnover is besides one of the issues faced by many organisations in Pakistan.Aim of the Research Study1.03 The aim of the survey is to cognize the factors of employee turnover, why employee quit the occupations and leave the organisations and which factor influence the most while go forthing the organisation. 1.04 The aim of the survey is to cognize the factors, which influence the most in employee turnover in, name centre industry in Pakistan.Problem statement1.05 What are the factors of employee turnover in the organisations?Research Questionsa ) What are the grounds ; employees quit their occupations and leave the organisations? B ) What is the function of the factors ( options, purpose to discontinue, occupation satisfaction, organisational committedness, rewards and conditions, employee features, preparation and development and influence of colleagues ) in employee turnover? degree Celsius ) Which factors cause the most in the employee turnover? Rational Of the Study 1.06 The intent of the research survey â€Å"Factors of employee turnover† is to assist out the directors to calculate out the factors of employee turnover in the organisations. So that the directors easy can happen, why employee is go forthing the organisation? Harmonizing to the consequences they can do the programs to cut down the employee turnover in the organisations.Definitions of the Footings1.07 â€Å"Employee turnover is defined as, the ratio of figure of workers that had to be replaced in a given clip period to the mean figure of workers† .Chapter NO 2Literature Review2.1 Over clip there have been a figure of factors that appear to be systematically linked to turnover. An early reappraisal article of surveies on turnover by Mobley ( 1979 ) revealed that age, term of office, overall satisfaction, occupation content, purposes to stay on the occupation, and committedness were all negatively related to turnover ( i.e. the higher the variable, the lower the turnove r ) . In 1995, a meta-analysis of some 800-turnover surveies was conducted by Hom and Griffith, which was late updated ( Griffith, 2000 ) . Their analysis confirmed some well-established findings on the causes of turnover. These include: occupation satisfaction, organisational committedness, comparing of options and purpose to discontinue. 2.2 The top factor cited in most surveies is low compensation and unequal benefits. Lack of grasp and feeling that the employer values the employees ‘ parts besides ranks high on the list of grounds for employee turnover. Another lending factor to employee turnover is hapless direction. This includes such factors as hapless communicating from leading, deficiency of preparation, excessively much alteration, deficiency of resources necessary to make the occupation, deficiency of acknowledgment that an employee is dissatisfied with calling development chances, torment, take downing behaviour, and a deficiency of flexibleness toward employees. Lifestyle alterations, such as the transportation of a partner, birth of a kid, or the demand for a shorter commute will besides do employee turnover. ( Kathleen Goolsby ) 2.3 Some variables and factors are examined and discussed in more item below.Comparison of Options2.4 The comparing of options is a factor that plays a function in employee turnover. The relationship between options and turnover on an single degree has been researched widely since March & A ; Simon ‘s 1958 seminal work on easiness of motion. 2.5 Much of the subsequent research focused on the nexus between occupation satisfaction, perceived alternate chances and turnover. Subsequently, research workers began to concentrate on the function of both existent and sensed chances in explicating single turnover determinations. 2.6 Subsequent research has indicated that existent options are a better forecaster of single turnover than sensed chances. Research on the impact of unemployment rates as a placeholder for existent chances in employee turnover revealed that unemployment rates affected the job-satisfaction/turnover purpose relationship but non existent turnover ( Kirschenbaum & A ; Mano-Negrin, 1999 ) . They concluded that macro degree analysis predicted turnover forms but perceptual experiences of chances did non. This point was reinforced in their survey on medical centres in assorted locations used steps of perceived and nonsubjective chances in internal and external labour markets. The writers concluded that aims chances were a better set of accounts of existent turnover behaviour than either sensed internal or external labour market chances. 2.7 Nevertheless, while existent options appear to be a better forecaster of turnover, there is besides well-established grounds of the nexus between perceived options and existent turnover. In their most recent meta-analysis, Griffith ( 2000 ) confirmed that perceived options modestly predict turnover.Purposes to Discontinue2.8 Intension to discontinue is one of the factors that play a function in employee turnover. Mobley ( 1979 ) noted that the relationship between purposes and turnover is consistent and by and large stronger than the satisfaction-turnover relationship, although it still accounted for less than a one-fourth of the variableness in turnover. Much of the research on sensed chances has been found to be associated with purposes to go forth but non existent turnover ( Kirschenbaum & A ; Mano-Negrin, 1999 ) .Organizational Committedness2.9 Many surveies have reported a important association between organisational committedness and turnover purposes ( Lum, 1998 ) . Tang à ¢â‚¬Ëœs ( 2000 ) survey confirmed the nexus between committedness and existent turnover and Griffith ‘s ( 2000 ) analysis showed that organisational committedness was a better forecaster of turnover than overall occupation satisfaction. 2.10 Research workers have established that there are different types of organisational committedness. Allen & A ; Meyer ( 1990 ) investigated the nature of the nexus between turnover and the three constituents of attitudinal committedness: affectional committedness refers to employees ‘ emotional fond regard to, designation with and engagement in the organisation ; continuation committedness refers to commitment base on costs that employees associate with go forthing the organisation ; and normative committedness refers to employees ‘ feelings of duty to stay with the organisation. Simply, employees with strong affectional committedness stay with an organisation because they want, those with strong continuation committedness stay because they need to, and those with strong normative committedness stay because they feel they ought to. Allen and Meyer ‘s survey indicated that all three constituents of committedness were a negative index of turnover. In general, most research has found affectional committedness to be the most decisive variable linked to turnover.Job Satisfaction2.11 The relationship between satisfaction and turnover has been systematically found in many turnover surveies ( Lum, 1998 ) . Mobley 1979 indicated that overall occupation satisfaction is negatively linked to turnover but explained small of the variableness in turnover. Griffith ( 2000 ) found that overall occupation satisfaction modestly predicted turnover. In a recent New Zealand survey, Boxall ( 2003 ) found the chief ground by far for people go forthing their employer was for more interesting work elsewhere. It is by and large accepted that the consequence of occupation satisfaction on turnover is less than that of organisational committedness.Features of Employees2.12 Despite a wealth of research, there look to be few features that meaningfully predict turnover, the exclusions being age and term of office. Age is found to be negatively related to turnover ( i.e. th e older a individual, the less likely they are to go forth an organisation ) . However, age entirely explains small of the variableness in turnover and as age is linked to many other factors, entirely it contributes small to the apprehension of turnover behaviour. 2.13 Tenure is besides negatively related to turnover ( the longer a individual is with an organisation, the more likely they are to remain ) . Mangione in Mobley concluded that length of service is one of the best individual forecasters of turnover. ; Griffith besides found that age and term of office have a negative relationship to turnover. 2.14 There is small grounds of a individual ‘s sex being linked to turnover. Griffith ‘s 2000 meta-analysis re-examined assorted personal features that may be linked to turnover. They concluded that there were no differences between the quit rates of work forces and adult females. They besides cited grounds that gender moderates the age-turnover relationship ( i.e. adult females are more likely to stay in their occupation the older they get, than make work forces ) . They besides found no nexus between intelligence and turnover, and none between race and turnover.Wagess and Conditionss2.15 Wagess and conditions is one of the variables of the employee turnover. Mobley ( 1979 ) concluded that consequences from surveies on the function of wage in turnover were assorted but that frequently there was no relationship between wage and turnover. Other surveies found no important relationship. 2.16 On the other manus Campion ( 1991 ) cited in Tang suggests that the most of import ground for voluntary turnover is higher wages/career chance. Martin ( 2003 ) investigates the determiners of labour turnover utilizing establishment-level study informations for the UK. Martin indicated that there is an reverse relationship between comparative rewards and turnover ( i.e. constitutions with higher comparative wage had lower turnover ) .Pay and Performance2.17 Griffith ( 2000 ) noted wage and pay-related variables have a modest consequence on turnover. Their analysis besides included surveies that examined the relationship between wage, a individual ‘s public presentation and turnover. They concluded that when high performing artists are insufficiently rewarded, they leave. They cite findings from Milkovich and Newman ( 1999 ) that where corporate wages plans replace single inducements, their debut may take to higher turnover among high performing artists.Attitudes to Money2.1 8 For some persons pay will non be the exclusive standard when people decide to go on within an bing occupation. In the survey of mental wellness professionals, Tang ( 2000 ) examined the relationship between attitudes towards money, intrinsic occupation satisfaction and voluntary turnover. One of the chief findings of this survey is that voluntary turnover is high among employees who value money, irrespective of their intrinsic occupation satisfaction. However, those who do non value money extremely but who have besides have low intrinsic occupation satisfaction tended to hold the lowest existent turnover. Furthermore, employees with high intrinsic occupation satisfaction and who put a low value on money besides had significantly higher turnover than this 2nd group. The research workers besides found that puting a high value of money predicted existent turnover but that backdown knowledges ( i.e. believing about go forthing ) did non.Training and Career Development2.19 Martin ( 200 3 ) detected a complex relationship between turnover and preparation. He suggested that constitutions that enhance the accomplishments of bing workers have lower turnover rates. However, turnover is higher when workers are trained to be multi-skilled, which may connote that this type of preparation enhances the chances of workers to happen work elsewhere. The literature on the nexus between lower turnover and preparation has found that off-the-job preparation is associated with higher turnover presumptively because this type of developing imparts more general accomplishments ( Martin, 2003 ) .Consequence of Vocational Training2.20 In a survey analyzing the consequence of apprenticeships on male school departers in the UK, Booth and Satchel ( 1994 ) found that completed apprenticeships reduced voluntary job-to-job, voluntary job-to-unemployment and nonvoluntary occupation expiration rates. In contrast, uncomplete apprenticeships tended to increase the issue rate to these finishs rela tive to those who did non have any preparation. Winkelmann ( 1996 ) reported that in Germany apprenticeships and all other types of vocational preparation cut down labour mobility in malice of the fact that the German apprenticeship preparation is intended to supply general and therefore more movable preparation.Career Commitment2.21 Chang ( 1999 ) examined the relationship between calling committedness, organisational committedness and turnover purpose among Korean research workers and found that the function of calling committedness was stronger in foretelling turnover purposes. When persons are committed to the organisation they are less willing to go forth the company. This was found to be stronger for those extremely committed to their callings. The writer besides found that employees with low calling and organisational committedness had the highest turnover purposes because they did non care either about the company or their current callings. 2.22 Persons with high calling committedness and low organisational committedness besides tend to go forth because they do non believe that the organisation can fulfill their calling demands or ends. This is consistent with old research that high calling committers consider go forthing the company if development chances are non provided by the organisation. However, this group is non disposed to go forth and is likely to lend to the company if their organisational committedness is increased. Chang found that persons become affectively committed to the organisation when they perceive that the organisation is prosecuting internal publicity chances, supplying proper preparation and that supervisors do a good occupation in supplying information and advice about callings.Influence of Colleagues2.23 A 2002 survey by Kirshenbaum and Weisberg of 477 employees in 15 houses examined employees ‘ occupation finish picks as portion of the turnover procedure. One of their chief findings was that colleagues ‘ purposes have a major important impact on all finish options – the more positive the perceptual experience of their colleagues desire to go forth, the more employees themselves wanted to go forth.Chapter NO 3MethodResearch Procedure3.01 The research is a descriptive survey. A descriptive survey can be defined as, â€Å"A survey that focuses on a peculiar state of affairs or set of state of affairss, studies on of import facets observed, and efforts to find the interrelatednesss among them.† 3.02 The end of the descriptive research survey is to offer to researcher a profile or to depict relevant facets of the phenomena of involvement from an person, organisational, industry- oriented, or the other prospective. ( Uma Sekran ) 3.03 The intent of the research survey â€Å"Factors of employee turnover† is to assist out the directors to calculate out the factors of employee turnover in the organisations. So that the directors easy can happen, why employee is go forthing the organisation? Harmonizing to the consequences they can do the programs to cut down the employee turnover in the organisations. Sampling 3.04 The sample for the research is taken through the random sampling. The type of sampling is cluster trying. In this type of trying I have chosen 100 employees as a sample to make full out the questionnaire. These employees are from different sections and their places in the sections are besides different. The sample of the employees consists of top degree directors, in-between degree directors and non directors. Data CollectionSecondary Datas3.05 Secondary informations is collected from the diaries, newspapers, and publications and pervious research surveies. Most of the information is taken from the old research documents on employee turnover, which are available on the Internet libraries.Primary Data3.06 For the primary informations, I have designed a questionnaire harmonizing to factors described above in the literature reappraisal. The questionnaire is filled by 100 employees from different organisations. The employees are from top degree direction, middle flat direction and no managerial degree. Datas Analysis 3.07 Each inquiry is analyzed by utilizing informations tabular matter method ; tabular matter consists merely numbering the figure of instances that fall in to assorted classs.Tabulation Frequency Distribution3.08 Frequency distribution is method to reason the questionnaires, frequence distribution method merely reports the figure of responses that each inquiry received and is the simplest manner of discouraging the empirical distribution of the variable. A frequence distribution organizes informations in to categories or group of values and shows the figure of observations. 3.09 The presentation of tabular matter frequence distribution is done by column charts, saloon charts and pie charts etc.Chapter NO 4Consequences and DiscussionWhat is your gender?Table 1GenderFrequencyPercentageValid PercentageCumulative %Male75757575.00Female252525100.00Entire100100100Pie Chart 1 4.1 This tabular array shows that the sample of 100 questionnaires was distributed indiscriminately among male and female employees. In which we observed that 75 % were male pupils and 35 % were female employees.What is your age?Table 2AgeFrequencyPercentageValid PercentageCumulative %20-2424242424.0025-2931313155.0030-3421212176.0035-3913131389.0040-4466695.0045-Above555100.00100100 %100 %Pie Chart 2 4.2 The above tabular array shows that questionnaires were divided into six different age groups i.e. from 20-24, 25-29, 30-34, 35-39, 40-44 & amp ; 45-Above. Out of this 31 % employees were aged from 25-29. 24 % were aged from 20-24. 21 % were form 30-34. 13 % were from 35-39. 6 % from 40-44 % , & A ; 5 % from 45-above.What is your section?Table 3DepartmentFrequencyPercentageValid PercentageCumulative %Administration11111111.00Selling15151526.00Operationss77733.00Customer Servicess31313164.00Finance10101074.00Human Resource17171791.00Technical999100.00Entire100100100Pie Chart 3 4.3 The above tabular array shows that the questionnaire was divided in six different sections ‘ i.e. disposal, selling, operations, client services, human resource and proficient. Out of this 31 % employees are from client services, 17 % from human resource, 15 % from selling, 11 % disposal, 10 % from finance, and 9 % are from proficient sections.What is your place in the occupation?Table 4PositionFrequencyPercentageValid PercentageCumulative %Top direction14141414.00Middle direction21212135.00Supervisor34343469.00other313131100.00Entire100100100Pie Chart 4 4.4 This above tabular array shows that the questionnaire divided in the employees of top direction, in-between direction, supervisors, and other degree of employees. Out of this 34 % employees are from supervisory degree, 31 % are from other degrees, 21 % employees are from in-between degree direction, & A ; 14 % are from top direction.What is your monthly wage?Table 5SalaryFrequencyPercentageValid PercentageCumulative %Below 1500017171717.00Between 15001-2000027272744.00Between 20001-2500021212165.00Between 25001-3000015151580.00Between 30001-3500014141484.00Between 35001-above666100.00Entire100100100Pie Chart 5 4.5 This above tabular array shows that the questionnaire was divided to the employees in six different wages ranges i.e. Below 15000, between 5001-20000, between 20001-25000, between 25001-30000, between 30001-35000, & A ; between 35001-above. Out of this 27 % employees are acquiring the salary between 15001-20000,21 % acquiring the salary between 20001-25000, 17 % acquiring the salary below 15000,15 % are acquiring the salary between 25001-30000,14 % are acquiring the salary between 30001-35000, & A ; 6 % are acquiring the salary 35001-above.For how long do you work for the organisation?Table 6Time periodFrequencyPercentageValid PercentageCumulative %Less than 3 months5555.00Between 3-6 months27272732.00Between 6-12 months21212153.00Between 1-2 old ages15151568.00Between 2-4 old ages17171785.00More than 4 old ages151515100.00100100100Pie Chart 6 4.6 This above tabular array shows that the questionnaire divided in to employees are from six different classs i.e. less than 3 months, between 3-6 months, between 6-12 months, between 1-2 old ages, between 2-4 old ages, More than 4 old ages. Out of this, 21 % employees are working for between 6-12 months, 27 % are working for between 3-6 months, 17 % are working for between 2-4 old ages, 15 % are working for between 2-4 twelvemonth ‘s & A ; More than 4 old ages. 5 % are working for less than 3 months.Rate the following about your occupation satisfaction.My occupation means a batch more to me than merely money.Table 7FrequencyPercentageValid PercentageCumulative %Strongly Disagree26262626.00Disagree19191945.00Neither Agree nor Disagree77752.00Agree30303082.00Strongly Agree181818100.00Entire100100100Pie Chart 7 4.7 This above tabular array shows that 26 % employees are strongly disagree that their occupation means a batch to them than merely money. 30 % disagree, 7 % neither disagree nor agree, 30 % are agree, & A ; 18 % are strongly agree that their occupation means a batch to them than merely money.The major satisfaction in my life comes from my occupationTable 8FrequencyPercentageValid PercentageCumulative %Strongly Disagree24242424.00Disagree16161640.00Neither Agree nor Disagree99949.00Agree34343483.00Strongly Agree171717100.00Entire100100100Pie Chart 8 4.8 This above tabular array shows that 24 % employees are strongly disagree that the major satisfaction in their life comes from their occupations. 16 % disagree, 9 % neither agree nor disagree, 34 % are agree, & A ; 175 are strongly agree that the major satisfaction in their life comes from their occupationsI am truly interested in my work.Table 9FrequencyPercentageValid PercentageCumulative %Strongly Disagree37373737.00Disagree23232360.00Neither Agree nor Disagree00060.00Agree19191979.00Strongly Agree212121100.00Entire100100100Pie Chart 9 4.9 This above tabular array shows that 37 % employees are strongly disagree that they are interested in their work. 23 % employees disagree. 21 % employees agree, & A ; 19 % employees strongly agree that that they are interested in their work.How much satisfied are you with the calling development in the organisationI am committed with my calling instead than the organisation.Table 10FrequencyPercentageValid PercentageCumulative %Strongly Disagree19191919.00Disagree14141433.00Neither Agree nor Disagree37373770.00Agree17171787.00Strongly Agree131313100.00Entire100100100Pie Chart 10 4.10 This above tabular array shows that 19 % employees strongly disagree that they are committed with the calling more that the organisation. 14 % employees disagree, 37 % employees neither agree nor disagree, 17 % employees agree, & A ; 13 % employees strongly agree that they are committed with the calling more that the organisation.I have tonss of chances of calling development in the organisation.Table 11FrequencyPercentageValid PercentageCumulative %Strongly Disagree27272727.00Disagree21212148.00Neither Agree nor Disagree17171765.00Agree22222287.00Strongly Agree131313100.00Entire100100100Pie Chart 11 4.11 This above tabular array shows that 27 % employees strongly disagree that they have tonss of chances of calling development in the organisation. 21 % employees disagree, 17 % neither agree nor disagree, 22 % agree, & A ; 27 % strongly agree that that they have tonss of chances of calling development in the organisation.I am satisfied with calling development in the organisationTable 12FrequencyPercentageValid PercentageCumulative %Strongly Disagree27272727.00Disagree26262653.00Neither Agree nor Disagree77760.00Agree23232383.00Strongly Agree171717100.00Entire100100100Pie Chart 12 4.12 This above tabular array shows that 26 % employees strongly disagree that they are satisfied with calling development in the organisation. 17 % employees disagree, 7 % employees neither agree nor disagree, 23 % employees agree, & A ; 27 % employees strongly agree that they are satisfied with calling development in the organisation.Rate your committedness with the organisationI am committed with my organisationTable 13FrequencyPercentageValid PercentageCumulative %Strongly Disagree13131313.00Disagree10101023.00Neither Agree nor Disagree37373760.00Agree19191979.00Strongly Agree212121100.00Entire100100100Pie Chart 13 4.13 This above tabular array shows that 13 % employees strongly disagree that they are committed with their organisation. 10 % employees disagree, 37 % employees neither agree nor disagree, 19 % employees agree, & A ; 21 % employees are strongly agree that they are committed with their organisationI value my organisation more than my occupationTable 14FrequencyPercentageValid PercentageCumulative %Strongly Disagree16161616.00Disagree20202036.00Neither Agree nor Disagree13131349.00Agree30303079.00Strongly Agree212121100.00Entire100100100Pie Chart 14 4.14 This above tabular array shows that 16 % employees strongly disagree that they value their organisation more than their occupation. 20 % employees disagree, 13 % employees neither agree nor disagree, 30 % employees agree, & A ; 21 % employees strongly agree that they value their organisation more than their occupation.I value organisation more than rewards paid by the organisationTable 15FrequencyPercentageValid PercentageCumulative %Strongly Disagree10101010.00Disagree13131323.00Neither Agree nor Disagree35353558.00Agree25252583.00Strongly Agree171717100.00Entire100100100Pie Chart 15 4.15 This above tabular array shows that 10 % employees strongly disagree that they value the rewards paid by the organisation. 13 % employees disagree, 35 % employees neither agree nor disagree, 25 % employees agree, & A ; 17 % employees agree that they value the rewards paid by the organisationAre you paid harmonizing to your attempts in the organisation?Table 16FrequencyPercentageValid PercentageCumulative %More than your attempts42424242.00Equal to your attempts37373779.00Less than your attempts212121100.00Entire100100100Pie Chart 16 4.16 This above tabular array shows that 42 % employees are paid harmonizing to their attempts in the organisation. 37 % employees are paid equal to their attempts in the organisation, & A ; 21 % are paid less than their attempts in the organisationRate the rewards and benefits, given you by the organisation.I am paid harmonizing to my public presentation.Table 17FrequencyPercentageValid PercentageCumulative %Strongly Disagree20202020.00Disagree17171737.00Neither Agree nor Disagree77744.00Agree25252569.00Strongly Agree313131100.00Entire100100100Pie Chart 17 4.17 This above tabular array shows that 20 % employees strongly disagree that they are paid harmonizing to their public presentation. 17 % employees disagree, 7 % employees neither agree nor disagree, 25 % employees agree, & A ; 31 % employees strongly agree that they are paid harmonizing to their public presentation.I value money more than my occupation.Table 18FrequencyPercentageValid PercentageCumulative %Strongly Disagree29292929.00Disagree26262655.00Neither Agree nor Disagree66661.00Agree23232384.00Strongly Agree161616100.00Entire100100100Pie Chart 18 4.18 This above tabular array shows that 29 % employees strongly disagree that they value money more than their occupation. 26 % employees disagree, 65 neither agree nor disagree, 23 % agree, & A ; 16 % strongly agree that they value money more than their occupation.I am satisfied wit the benefits given by the organisationTable 19FrequencyPercentageValid PercentageCumulative %Strongly Disagree17171717.00Disagree21212138.00Neither Agree nor Disagree99947.00Agree23232370.00Strongly Agree303030100.00Entire100100100Pie Chart 19 4.19 This tabular array shows that 17 % employees strongly disagree that they are satisfied with the benefits given by the organisation. 21 % employees disagree, 9 % employees neither agree nor disagree, 23 % employees agree, & A ; 30 % employees strongly agree that they are satisfied with the benefits given by the organisation.Rate preparation and development in your organisationI am satisfied with the preparation given in the organisationTable 20FrequencyPercentageValid PercentageCumulative %Strongly Disagree25252525.00Disagree17171742.00Neither Agree nor Disagree00042.00Agree21212163.00Strongly Agree373737100.00Entire100100100Pie Chart 20 4.20 This above tabular array shows that 25 % employees strongly disagree that they are satisfied with preparation and development given in the organisation. 17 % employees disagree, 21 % employees agree, & A ; 37 % employees agree that they are satisfied with preparation and development given in the organisation.Training dramas of import function in my calling developmentTable 21FrequencyPercentageValid PercentageCumulative %Strongly Disagree23232323.00Disagree13131336.00Neither Agree nor Disagree66642.00Agree23232365.00Strongly Agree353535100.00Entire100100100Pie Chart 21 4.21 The above tabular array shows that 23 % employees strongly disagree that preparation and development dramas of import function in their calling development. 13 % employees disagree, 6 % neither agree nor disagree, 23 % employees agree, & A ; 355 employees strongly agree that preparation and development dramas of import function in their calling development.If you want to discontinue the occupation, which factor influences the most?Table 22FrequencyPercentageValid PercentageCumulative %Job satisfaction12121212.00Alternatives/Opportunities13131325.00Wages & A ; Benefits16161641.00Career Development26262667.00Organizational committedness10101077.00Training & A ; Development19191996.00Influence of coworkers444100.00Entire100100100Pie Chart 22 4.22 This above tabular array shows that 34 % employees want to discontinue the occupation because of occupation dissatisfaction. 13 % employees want to discontinue the occupation because of alternatives/opportunities, 16 % employees want to discontinue the occupation because of low rewards & A ; benefits, 26 % employees want to discontinue the occupation because they are non satisfied with calling development, 10 % employees want to discontinue the occupation because they are non committed with organisation, 19 % employees want to discontinue the occupation because they are non satisfied with preparation & A ; development, & A ; 4 % employees want to discontinue the occupation because of influence of coworkers.Chapter NO 5Decision and RecommendationsDecision5.01 The research based on â€Å"factors of employee turnover† , the research is conducted on call centre industry, for this a sample of 100 questionnaires was developed and divided indiscriminately into the employees to c ognize the factors of employee turnover. The respondents were from different age groups, different section, and from different occupation places. 5.02 The questionnaire was divided among the employees, in which 75 % employees were male and 25 % employees were female. Most of employees were the age of 20-34 about 74 % . These employees were from top direction, in-between direction, supervisory degree and others. Most of the employees were from supervisory degree or others i.e. 65 % . 5.03 The employees were asked about the occupation satisfaction, calling development, preparation and development, organisational committedness, rewards & A ; benefits and influence of coworkers. 5.04 Through this research it is concluded that the factor, which influences the most in employee turnover is career development. 26 % employees said that they want to discontinue the occupation because of calling development. 19 % employees quit the occupation because of fewer chances of preparation & A ; development. 16 % employees wanted to discontinue the occupation because of low rewards & A ; benefits. 13 % wanted to discontinue the occupations because they have