US Presidential Assassinations and Assassination Attempts

In the history of the U.S. presidency, four presidents have actually been assassinated. Another six were the subject of assassination attempts. Following is a description of each assassination and attempt that has occurred since the founding of the nation. Assassinated in Office Abraham Lincoln - Lincoln was shot in the head while watching a play on April 14, 1865. His assassin, John Wilkes Booth escaped and was later shot and killed.  Conspirators who helped plan Lincolns assassination were found guilty and hung. Lincoln died on April 15, 1865. James Garfield - Charles J. Guiteau, a mentally disturbed government office seeker, shot Garfield on July 2, 1881. The president did not die until September 19th of blood poisoning. This was related more to the manner in which the physicians attended to the president than to the wounds themselves. Guiteau was convicted of murder and hanged on June 30, 1882. William McKinley - McKinley was shot two times by anarchist Leon Czolgosz while the president was visiting the Pan-American Exhibit in Buffalo, New York on September 6, 1901. He died on September 14, 1901. Czolgosz stated that he shot McKinley because he was an enemy of working people. He was convicted of the murder and electrocuted on October 29, 1901. John F. Kennedy - On November 22, 1963, John F. Kennedy was mortally wounded while riding in a motorcade in Dallas, Texas. His apparent assassin, Lee Harvey Oswald, was killed by Jack Ruby before standing trial. The Warren Commission was called to investigate Kennedys death and found that Oswald had acted alone to kill Kennedy. Many argued, however, that there was more than one gunman, a theory upheld by a 1979 House Committee investigation. The FBI and a 1982 study disagreed. Speculation continues to this day. Assassination Attempts Andrew Jackson - On January 30, 1835, Andrew Jackson was attending a funeral for Congressman Warren Davis. Richard Lawrence attempted to shoot him with two different derringers, each of which misfired. Jackson was incensed and attacked Lawrence with his walking stick. Lawrence was tried for the attempted assassination but was found not guilty by reason of insanity. He spent the rest of his life in an insane asylum. Theodore Roosevelt - An assassination attempt was actually not made on Roosevelts life while he was in the office of president. Instead, it occurred after he had left office and decided to run for another term against William Howard Taft. While campaigning on October 14, 1912, he was shot in the chest by John Schrank, a mentally disturbed New York saloon keeper. Luckily, Roosevelt had a speech and his spectacle case in his pocket that slowed down the .38 caliber bullet. The bullet was never removed but allowed to heal over. Roosevelt continued with his speech before seeing a doctor. Franklin Roosevelt - After giving a speech in Miami on February 15, 1933, Giuseppe Zangara shot six shots into the crowd. None hit Roosevelt though the Mayor of Chicago, Anton Cermak, was shot in the stomach. Zangara blamed wealthy capitalists for his plights and those of other working people. He was convicted of attempted murder and then after Cermaks death due to the shooting he was retried for murder. He was executed by electric chair in March, 1933. Harry Truman - On November 1, 1950, two Puerto Rican nationals attempted to kill President Truman to bring attention to the case for Puerto Rican independence. The President and his family were staying at the Blair House across from the White House and the two attempted assassins, Oscar Collazo and Griselio Torresola, tried to shoot their way into the house. Torresola killed one and wounded another policeman while Collazo wounded one policeman. Torresola died in the gunfight. Collazo was arrested and sentenced to death which Truman commuted to life in prison. President Jimmy  Carter freed Collazo from prison in 1979. Gerald Ford - Ford escaped two assassination attempts, both by women. First on September 5, 1975, Lynette Fromme, a follower of Charles Manson, pointed a gun at him but did not fire. She was convicted of attempting to assassinate the president and sentenced to life in prison. The second attempt on Fords life occurred on September 22, 1975 when Sara Jane Moore fired one shot that was deflected by a bystander. Moore was trying to prove herself to some radical friends with the assassination of the president. She was convicted of attempted assassination and sentenced to life in prison. Ronald Reagan - On March 30, 1981, Reagan was shot in the lung by John Hinckley, Jr. Hinckley hoped that by assassinating the president, he would earn enough notoriety to impress Jodie Foster. He also shot Press Secretary James Brady along with an officer and a security agent. He was arrested but found not guilty by reason of insanity. He was sentenced to life in a mental institution.

What Fundamentals Affect the Yield of Bonds in the...

What fundamentals affect the yield of bonds (Singapore market) By: G8 Lee Kang Wee Olivia Tan Daryle- ­Ã¢â‚¬ alexis Tan Ho Guoming FIIM FNCE 102 Professor Huang Sheng Introduction As an international financial centre with about 11% of GDP from financial services, we felt it would be interesting to find out more about†¦show more content†¦Inflation, Real Interest Bond Yield Bond Yield Breakdown by Country of Risk (Refer to Appendix A) Majority of the bonds on the market are issued by companies based in Singapore, with 627 issuances. Hong Kong companies are 2nd with 36 issuances. Bonds issued by Hong Kong companies saw a spike in yield during 1997 and 1998, due to the Asian Financial Crisis that impacted Hong Kong companies the most out of the list of countries above. China saw a similar spike in 2009. Bonds issued by Singapore companies have been the most stable, with yield levels staying around 5% - ­Ã¢â‚¬  6%. 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Human Resource Areas

Question: Explain The human resource management according to different areas. Answer: Areas Comments Variety of expertise, experience and working styles The human resource management will give priority to expertise, experience and working style of the workers. The experienced employees are flexible in the workplace and help their colleagues in the workplace. Interpersonal style The second priority after that is the interpersonal style. The human resource management will observe the behavior of the employees such as aggressive, passive and assertive. Language, literacy and numeracy requirements It has been observed that global companies have avoided the language issues by providing language training and implementing the mixed culture strategy. The human resource management implements technical training sessions to remove literacy. Therefore, training sessions will help in managing workplace diversity. Physical difference As stated by Alfes et al. (2013), work efficiency depends on the physical structure of humans such as slim people provide better work efficiency than fat people. The human resource management will observe the physical differences among the employees and create a balanced team for better work efficiency. Thinking and learning style The human resource managers will implement different types of learning such as learning by experimenting, learning by observing, learning by inquiring and learning by patterning. As stated by Banfield and Kay (2012), learning with fun will motivate the employees in the workplace. However, the human resource managers will embrace the diversity of learners. Managing diversity in business: Managing workforce diversity is of significant importance. Diversity at workplace occurs due to the presence of a broad mix of workers from different racial and ethnic backgrounds, national cultures, age and gender (Berglund et al. 2014). It has been observed that the older employees have a lower rate of avoidable absence than younger employees; however, they have a higher rate of unavoidable absence. Workplace principles of diversity: The employees should treat each other with respect and dignity. The team leaders make the decision genuinely based on equality and fairness. The human resource management maintains a highly skilled, diverse and effective workforce. The human resource management gives high value to employees and encourages them by providing opportunities to develop their potential (Bouarara et al. 2014). The human resource management develops a supportive workplace culture which allows the employees to balance their responsibility at workplace and in their personal life. Important areas for engagement with stakeholders: The human resource management considers certain areas for engaging with the stakeholders such as respect, equity and diversity. The work culture must be respectful, courteous and fair enough to provide value to the employees. It has been observed that positive workplace culture has been implemented according to the values of the employees in the workplace (Budhwar et al. 2013). On the other hand, equity and diversity is the key component for managing the stakeholders. Respect, equity and diversity have created a positive and respectful culture to improve the performance of the employees. Therefore, valuing and capitalizing on employee diversity has created a positive environment at the workplace. As per the strategic plan of Tesco, the organization has planned to implement proper cultural diversification at the workplace. The organization has selected an operation plan to implement a correct arrangement of the employee structure based on gender, age and cultural difference. Yes, the example plays an important role in any organization because similarity between the demographic profiles between two organizations helps the employees to understand the importance of the diversity policy in the organization (Chabbott 2013). On the other hand, the human resource management implements the employee structure based on gender, age and cultural difference. The human resource management observes the importance of a mixed culture strategy in the workplace. It is understood that the human resource management will implement the employee structure on the basis of gender, age and cultural differences among the existing employees (Crutchfield 2014). The human resource management has received maximum complaints regarding gender discrimination, cultural discrimination and unethical behavior of the employees. The recruitment process will be fair, open and transparent. The applicant must be under the age group of 24 to 40 years. Interested male and female candidates can apply for the posts. Draft of the policy Information Policy statement The organization has implemented the workplace conduct policy by eliminating all unethical discrimination and unlawful harassment from the work place. Governing laws The human resource management follows Laws such as the Federal Act 1979, State Law and Territory Law 2016 And European Union Act, 2011. As stated by Dent and Whitehead (2013), the laws and Act support the human resource management to maintain a positive atmosphere at the workplace and thereby prevent injustices. The acts also support the commitment of the organization and the employees can work without fear of an unacceptable work place. Application of policy The human resource management reviews and accesses the policy and training. Thereafter, the human resource management provides commitment to eliminate all forms of unlawful discrimination at the workplace. The human resource management has eliminated unlawful harassment at the workplace. The human resource management has implemented a conductive policy for the employees (Hardison et al. 2014). The human resource management has implemented an anti-bullying prevention training session for the employees. They have also identified the personal and enterprise risks of abusive conduct. Background Workplace conduct policy has been approved on May 30, 2014; and reflects on the ethical behavior of the employees regarding unethical discrimination and unlawful harassment of the employees. The human resource management has implemented the conductive policy for the employees. They have also implemented training session on the ethical behavior at the workplace. Strategies and practices The human resource management has implemented a multi-cultural workforce management strategy for the organization (Hwang and Ng 2013). The human resource management has followed a workplace conduct policy for implementing the demographical culture in the organization. Commitment The human resource management has committed to eliminate all forms of unlawful discrimination at the workplace. The human resource management has promised to remove cultural discrimination from the workplace and for this has implemented a mixed culture atmosphere at the workplace. Implementation The human resource management has implemented a code of ethics of the organization based of the government legislation and policies. The human resource management has punished the employees as per that code of conduct. Monitoring The human resource management has monitored the performance and behavior of the employees. Reporting The employees have reported about gender discrimination and cultural discrimination to the human resource managers. The human resource management has also received reports against verbal harassment, physical harassment, visual harassment, abusive conduct and unlawful motivation of the employees. Regulations The human resource management has implemented the Acts. The human resource management has monitored employee behavior in comparison to the Acts such as the Federal Act 1979, State Law and Territory Law 2016 and European union Act 2011. References Dent, M. and Whitehead, S. eds., 2013.Managing professional identities: Knowledge, performativities and the'new'professional(Vol. 19). Routledge. Hardison, D., Behm, M., Hallowell, M.R. and Fonooni, H., 2014. Identifying construction supervisor competencies for effective site safety.Safety science,65, pp.45-53. Hwang, B.G. and Ng, W.J., 2013. Project management knowledge and skills for green construction: Overcoming challenges.International Journal of Project Management,31(2), pp.272-284. Appendix Therefore, the stakeholders may consult with the project managers and ask them about the requirement or information. If the stakeholders are the employees, they may consult with the human resource management about their required information. If the stakeholder is an employee of the organization, then they may ask their questions directly to the human resource managers. It has been observed that the human resource management has implemented a cultural diversity strategy in their workplace so that the organization can avoid cultural discrimination of the employees. Consequently, this has help improve employee satisfaction which in turn increase the productivity of the organization. It has been observed the stakeholders come from different cultural backgrounds. The human resource management has implemented the cross cultural strategy to overcome the cultural discrimination at the workplace. As stated by Kehoe and Wright (2013), many organizations have faced smaller cultural issues during the implementation stage. Therefore, the positive movement of the human resource management assured employees about No Cultural and demographic discrimination. The human resource management has to implement a mixed cultural strategy in their recruitment process. For this the human resource management has to avoid demographic specifications in their recruitment advertisements. The human resource management would need to arrange recruitment processes within the organization, as this would help in reducing the interview cost. . If the human resource management has a low internal support regarding the policy, then the human resource management needs to implement some other strategies after observing the requirements of the other managers (Kerzner 2013). It has been found that the human resource management has faced issues while implementing the Workplace Conduct Policy because there was already some legislation in the organization. Therefore, the existing employees were not accepting new rules and regulation (Langley et al. 2013). Yes, there was some small discrimination regarding the cultural difference. It has been noticed that an Irish employee had reported against an Australian employee for telling an unauthentic story about Irish culture (Mowday et al. 2013). On the other hand, another incident involving a male employee insulting a female employee was also known. Multi-cultural workforce management strategy would bring success for the organization. On the other hand, the human resource management has implemented a It has been observed that the human resource management has recruited the employees under the Appointment to Role Policy. The human resource management has implemented a merit-based appointment process in the organization. As stated by Nica and Potcovaru (2014), this strategy is essential to diverse the employees who were already attracted by their contribution and potential. Paterson et al. (2014) stated that diverse strategy of the human resource management has attracted It has been observed that the human resource management has implemented an electronic and written communication strategy for promoting the policy across the organization. It has been noticed that the human resource management has published new rules and regulation of the organization on the website (Prieto et al. 2012). The human resource management has also sent a copy of the rules and regulation through email. Additionally, the human resource management has printed out the rules and regulation on paper and has ob tained the signature of employees on the same. After implementing the strategy at the work place, the human resource management has implemented a monitoring process. As stated by Schmoldt et al. (2013), the risk has been associated by the previous experience of the employees. It has been observed that employees are associated with the previous policy. Therefore, violence may take place at the work place. The employees have created violence against these rules. Workplace violence is associated with physical injury or physical force against the co-worker at the workplace. Measure views Financial measure Financial measurement is necessary for the human resource management for observing whether the new strategy meets the performance standards or not (Simons 2013). The human resource management has monitored the expense of the training session, employee salary, wages and profit of the organization. Measure relating to customers The human resource management has measured the relation with the customers. It has been observed that good relation with the customers improves the brand value of the organization (Alfes et al. 2013). The human resource management has implemented a new customer support strategy to increase satisfaction. Measures based on views by personnel The human resource management has measured the performance of the employees from the viewpoint of the employees. The human resource management has observed the issues faced by the employees and has tried to eliminate them as well (Banfield and Kay 2012). The human resource management has implemented training sessions to develop the skills and behavior of the employees. The human resource management has implemented the survey process among the employees. The survey questions are based on their feelings, satisfaction, requirements, resolution and suggestion (Bouarara et al. 2014). The human resource management has understood the requirement of the employees such as training session, leave plan implementation and new motivational strategy. The survey process is a communication method between the human resource management and the employees. The human resource management has implemented the survey for gathering and analyzing the information about the diversity policy and its implementation. The human resource management has gathered and analyzed the information about diversity, policy and its implementation (Budhwar and Debrah 2013). The human resource management has consulted with the key stakeholders about the strength and weakness of the existing strategy. The human resource management has implemented the new strategy based on the feedback of the stakeholders. The human resource management has implemented the diversity policy in the organization. The diversity policy will help the organization to improve the internal environment of the organization. The diversity policy will remove the age, gender and culture based discrimination in the workplace. The diversity policy would bring success in the organization. Better workplace management will improve employee satisfaction (Crutchfield 2014). Therefore, the employees will provide the better customer service. The diversity policy is a combined form of various laws such as Federal Act 1979, State Law and Territory Law 2016 And European Union Act, 2011. The implemented diversity policy is effective enough to decrease workplace violation and increase employee satisfaction. Reference list: Alfes, K., Shantz, A.D., Truss, C. and Soane, E.C., 2013. The link between perceived human resource management practices, engagement and employee behaviour: a moderated mediation model.The international journal of human resource management,24(2), pp.330-351. Banfield, P. and Kay, R., 2012.Introduction to human resource management. Oxford University Press. Berglund, A., Blackne, J. and Jansson, N., 2014. Proposing a feedback system to enhance learning based on key performance indicators.International Journal of Quality Assurance in Engineering and Technology Education (IJQAETE),3(1), pp.1-14. Bouarara HA, Hamou RM, Rahmani A, Amine A. 2014. Application of Meta-Heuristics Methods on PIR Protocols Over Cloud Storage Services. International Journal of Cloud Applications and Computing (IJCAC). 1;4(3):1-9. Budhwar, P.S. and Debrah, Y.A. eds., 2013.Human resource management in developing countries. Routledge. Chabbott, C., 2013.Constructing education for development: International organizations and education for all. Routledge. Crutchfield, E.B., 2014.Developing human capital in American manufacturing: a case study of barriers to training and development. Routledge. Dent, M. and Whitehead, S. eds., 2013.Managing professional identities: Knowledge, performativities and the'new'professional(Vol. 19). Routledge. Hardison, D., Behm, M., Hallowell, M.R. and Fonooni, H., 2014. Identifying construction supervisor competencies for effective site safety.Safety science,65, pp.45-53. Hwang, B.G. and Ng, W.J., 2013. Project management knowledge and skills for green construction: Overcoming challenges.International Journal of Project Management,31(2), pp.272-284. Kehoe, R.R. and Wright, P.M., 2013. The impact of high-performance human resource practices on employees attitudes and behaviors.Journal of Management,39(2), pp.366-391. Kerzner, H.R., 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Langley, A.N.N., Smallman, C., Tsoukas, H. and Van de Ven, A.H., 2013. Process studies of change in organization and management: unveiling temporality, activity, and flow.Academy of Management Journal,56(1), pp.1-13. Mowday, R.T., Porter, L.W. and Steers, R.M., 2013.Employeeorganization linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. Academic Press. Nica, E. and Potcovaru, A.M., 2014. THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF ORGANIZATIONAL REALITY.Psychosociological Issues in Human Resource Management,2(2). Paterson, K.G., Bielefeldt, A.R., Swan, C.W., Rulifson, G., Kazmer, D. and Pierrakos, O., 2014. Designing value into engineering learning through service activities using a blueprint model.International Journal for Service Learning in Engineering, Humanitarian Engineering and Social Entrepreneurship, pp.64-83. Prieto, I.M. and Pilar Prez Santana, M., 2012. Building ambidexterity: The role of human resource practices in the performance of firms from Spain.Human Resource Management,51(2), pp.189-211. Schmoldt, D., Kangas, J., Mendoza, G.A. and Pesonen, M. eds., 2013.The analytic hierarchy process in natural resource and environmental decision making(Vol. 3). Springer Science Business Media. Simons, R., 2013.Levers of control: how managers use innovative control systems to drive strategic renewal. Harvard Business Press.

Roman Influence On Architecture Essays - Architectural Styles

Roman Influence On Architecture Roman Influence on Architecture The world of architecture has been greatly influenced and affected by Roman architectural design and development. Their innovative designs and influential developments developed centuries ago have provided a basis for architectural masterpieces found across the planet and, what's more, have remained relevant into the 21st Century. While the Romans borrowed many architectural designs from the Greeks and Etruscans, the additions that they did make to the world of architecture changed that world forever. Their invention of cement, their new use of arches and vaults, the development in aqueducts, and the development of road systems brought about change that affected not only the Roman Empire but also the many peoples that that great culture touched in its many travels and conquests. ?With the Roman invention of concrete in the first century BC and their growing understanding of the architectural principles of stress and counter-stress, Roman architects were able to experiment with new and elaborate forms of building, many of which were to pass in to the western architectural tradition. (Cunningham and Reich 156).? Until this innovative development, architectural progress had been severely limited and restricted. Building designs, using traditional Grecian models within the post and lintel system, had allowed for limited change. With the development of concrete and the increased understanding of its uses and applications, Romans were able to erect structures that would have previously been impossible using the Grecian post and lintel system. It was also the Roman use of concrete that led the way to many other Roman innovations in architecture, most especially the use of arches and vaults. Prior to the use of arches, Greek and republican Roman temples had been relatively small, partly because of the difficulties involved in putting a roof on a large space, without the use of supports. The Romans found and developed a way to use internal arches (?a curved structure that forms the upper edge of an open space, or the space between a bridge's supports? (Arch)) and vaults (?an arch-shaped structure, usually of masonry, used as the ceiling of a room or other enclosed space, as the roof of a building, or as the support for a ceiling or roof? (Arch and Vault)) to provide roofs for structures of increasing size and complexity. This new innovative style was adopted by the Romans from the Etruscans, as early as the fifth century BC (Cunningham and Reich 156). ?Vaults used by the Romans were simple geometric forms: the barrel vault(semicircular in shape), the intersecting (groined) barrel vault, and the segmental vault. By the 1st century BC, extensive systems of vaulting were employed. A particularly fine example of Roman vaulting is the Basilica of Maxentius in Rome? (Roman Architecture), and their influence on architectural styles in using the arch can be seen in modern day Washington Square in New York and the Champs Elysees in Paris (Cunningham and Reich 155). Building upon this development, after the second century, stone arches were commonly seen in bridges and aqueducts, there by giving birth to more major innovation. Because Rome covered such a large area and housed a massive population, it required a constant supply of water. The Romans were able to tackle this problem by creating a network of pipes that carried water from the surrounding hills, into the city of Rome. Ancient Rome was supplied by more than ten aqueducts, providing the city with some 38 million gallons of water each day? (Tillery). This innovation led the way to future waterlines and sewer systems in the many places that Rome was to leave its influence, including Great Britain and France, many of which can still be seen today. Roman influence is also seen in Europe when looking at their modern day road systems. The Romans were the first civilization to make well-designed roads. This greatly increased the ability to expand because of the way roads were laid out. The major roads were constructed to keep the incredibly large empire linked so it would not fall. The Romans enhanced the roads by adding a number of things to the basic idea of roads, such as archways, city streets, and arch bridges (Road). It is easy to see, even in 21st Century contemporary

Multimedia1 essays

Multimedia1 essays 1.1 ALGUNAS CONCEPCIONES DE MULTIMEDIA Es una nueva plataforma donde se integran componentes para hacer ciertas tareas que proporcionan a los usuarios nuevas oportunidades de trabajo y acceso a nuevas tecnologà ­as. Es un nuevo medio, donde la computadora junto con los medios tradicionales dan una nueva forma de expresin. Es una nueva experiencia, donde la interaccin con los medios es radicalmente diferente y donde tenemos que aprender a cmo usarlos. Es una nueva industria en donde con una nueva plataforma, un nuevo medio y una nueva experiencia nos llevan a tener nuevas oportunidades de negocios. Cualquiera que sea la concepcin que tengamos sobre los multimedios, es indudable que ni las computadoras ni nuestras expectativas son las mismas. En 1945 Vannevar Bush en As we may think propuso que las computadoras deberà ­an usuarse como soporte del trabajo intelectual de los humanos; esta idea era bastante innovadora en aquellos dà ­as donde la computadora se consideraba como una mquina que hacà ­a clculos "devorando nà ºmeros". Bush dise una mquina llamada MEMEX (MEMory EXtension) que permitirà ­a el registro, la consulta y la manipulacin asociativa de las ideas y eventos acumulados en nuestra cultura; l describi a su sistema de la siguiente manera: "Considere un dispositivo para el uso individual, parecido a una biblioteca y un archivo mecanizado... donde el individuo pueda almacenar sus libros, registros y comunicaciones y que por ser mecanizado, puede ser consultado con rapidez y flexibilidad". Esta concepcin, que semeja la descripcin de una computadora personal actual, en el momento en que fue planteada no era factible construirse por cuestiones tecnolgicas y eventualmente fue olvidada. El sistema Memex, aunque nunca fue construà ­d...

Interstate Highways

Interstate Highways An interstate highway is any highway built under the auspices of the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 and funded by the federal government. The idea for interstate highways came from Dwight D. Eisenhower after he saw the benefits of the Autobahn during wartime Germany. There are now over 42,000 miles of interstate highways in the United States. Eisenhowers Idea On July 7, 1919, a young army captain named Dwight David Eisenhower joined 294 other members of the army and departed from Washington D.C. in the militarys first automobile caravan across the country. Due to poor roads and highways, the caravan averaged five miles per hour and took 62 days to reach Union Square in San Francisco. At the end of World War II, General Dwight David Eisenhower surveyed the war damage to Germany and was impressed by the durability of the Autobahn. While a single bomb could make a train route useless, Germanys wide and modern highways could often be used immediately after being bombed because it was difficult to destroy such a wide swath of concrete or asphalt. These two experiences helped show President Eisenhower the importance of efficient highways. In the 1950s, America was frightened of nuclear attack by the Soviet Union (people were even building bomb shelters at home). It was thought that a modern interstate highway system could provide citizens with evacuation routes from the cities and would also allow the rapid movement of military equipment across the country. The Plan for Interstate Highways Within a year after Eisenhower became President in 1953, he began to push for a system of interstate highways across the United States. Although federal highways covered many areas of the country, the interstate highway plan would create 42,000 miles of limited-access and very modern highways. Eisenhower and his staff worked for two years to get the worlds largest public works project approved by Congress. On June 29, 1956, the Federal Aid Highway Act (FAHA) of 1956 was signed and the Interstates, as they would be known, began to spread across the landscape. Requirements for Each Interstate Highway The FAHA provided for federal funding of 90% of the cost of the Interstates, with the state contributing the remaining 10%. The standards for the Interstate Highways were highly regulated- lanes were required to be twelve feet wide, shoulders were ten feet wide, a minimum of fourteen feet of clearance under each bridge was required, grades had to be less than 3%, and the highway had to be designed for travel at 70 miles per hour. However, one of the most important aspects of the Interstate Highways was their limited access. Although prior federal or state highways allowed, for the most part, any road to be connected to the highway, the Interstate Highways only allowed access from a limited number of controlled interchanges. With over 42,000 miles of Interstate Highways, there were to be only 16,000 interchanges- less than one for every two miles of road. That was just an average; in some rural areas, there are dozens of miles between interchanges. The First and Last Stretches of Interstate Highway Completed Less than five months after the FAHA of 1956 was signed, the first stretch of Interstate opened in Topeka, Kansas. The eight-mile piece of highway opened on November 14, 1956. The plan for the Interstate Highway system was to complete all 42,000 miles within 16 years (by 1972.) Actually, it took 27 years to complete the system. The last link, Interstate 105 in Los Angeles, was not completed until 1993. Signs Along the Highway In 1957, the red, white, and blue shield symbol for the Interstates numbering system was developed. Two-digit Interstate Highways are numbered according to direction and location. Highways running north-south are odd numbered while highways running east-west are even numbered. The lowest numbers are in the west and in the south. Three-digit Interstate Highway numbers represent beltways or loops, attached to a primary Interstate Highway (represented by the last two numbers of the beltways number). Washington D.C.s beltway is numbered 495 because its parent highway is I-95. In the late 1950s, the signs displaying white lettering on a green background were made official. Specific motorist-testers drove along a special stretch of highway and voted on which color was their favorite- 15% liked white on black, 27% liked white on blue, but 58% liked white on green best. Why Does Hawaii Have Interstate Highways? Although Alaska has no Interstate Highways, Hawaii does. Since any highway built under the auspices of the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 and funded by the federal government is called an interstate highway, a highway does not have to cross state lines to count as one. In fact, there are many local routes that lie entirely within a single state funded by the Act. For example, on the island of Oahu are the Interstates H1, H2, and H3, which connect important military facilities on the island. Interstate Highway Urban Legend Some people believe that one mile out of every five on interstate highways is straight to serve as emergency airplane landing strips. According to Richard F. Weingroff, who works in the Federal Highway Administrations Office of Infrastructure, No law, regulation, policy, or sliver of red tape requires that one out of five miles of the Interstate Highway System must be straight. Weingroff says that its a complete hoax and urban legend that the Eisenhower Interstate Highway System requires that one mile in every five must be straight to be usable as airstrips in times of war or other emergencies. Besides, there are more overpasses and interchanges than there are miles in the system, so even if there were straight miles, planes attempting to land would quickly encounter an overpass on their runway. Side Effects of Interstate Highways The Interstate Highways that were created to help protect and defend the United States of America were also to be used for commerce and travel. Though no one could have predicted it, the Interstate Highway was a major impetus for in the development of suburbanization and sprawl of U.S. cities. While Eisenhower never desired the Interstates to pass through or reach into the major cities of the U.S., it happened, and along with the Interstates came the problems of congestion, smog, automobile dependency, drop in densities of urban areas, the decline of mass transit, and others. Can the damage produced by the Interstates be reversed? A great deal of change would be needed to bring it about.

Code of Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Code of Ethics - Essay Example Another ethical consideration involves the right to respect the patient’s wishes in relation their medical condition. This gives them the exclusive rights to make the decision that they want (Potter, 2005). In this situation, there are very many chances that are represented that would greatly hamper the process of arriving at the right decision. It is very difficult for a doctor to make a decision that would harm a patient’s life. This is because the sole duty of the care givers is to ensure that they do all that they can to rectify any situation that would harm the patient. The dilemma comes in when the practises that would increase the patient’s chances of survival are those that the patient is against. It will be very difficult to arrive at the right conclusion. Will it be right to treat Mr. E using all the channels that he did not consent to? It is also very difficult to watch his heath deteriorate. This creates a situation where private patient information i s given to people without the consent of the patient (Ribbens, 2005). It would be unethical for the doctor to put the patient on the ventilator. This is because this is a decision that lies solely with another party. It would be ethical for the brother to make the decision for the patient in respect to the ventilator. ... At the point of his decision making, he is considered as the voice of reason. He is also seen as the bridge between the doctor, their observations and what he has observed as the best possible choice for the patient. Autonomy in nursing is a very essential component. This is because it paves way and room for the nurse to employ all aspects of their acquired knowledge in their profession. The professional practise creates a situation where there should be room for the nurse to critically analyse a situation (Kockrow, 2003). Once they have done so, they are at liberty to make a decision which positively affects the patient. There are instances in the profession where the nurse does not require the ultimate permission to carry out certain practises. In many instances, the autonomy of practise is greatly hampered. This is especially so when issues of ethics are concerned. This practise is also greatly affected by the patient’s ultimate right to make a choice. As described above, a utonomy allows the nurse to make decisions on behalf of the patient. In such cases, the practise is without discretion to the patient or members of his or her family (Ribbens, 2005). Autonomy is greatly affected because it creates room for the nurse not to exercise their right. This is because the patient has his or her rights to stipulate what they want. This is in regard to treatment and other medical procedures. This limits the nurse or practitioner from what they what to do for the patient. In many instances, this is always the right thing (Kockrow, 2003). It is my obligation as the head nurse to report the provision of patient’s information to external sources. This is especially to someone who does not have exclusive rights to access the information or make any

TO WHAT EXTENT CAN CORRUPTION BE BLAMED FOR UNDERDEVELOPMENT IN Dissertation

TO WHAT EXTENT CAN CORRUPTION BE BLAMED FOR UNDERDEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA, A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIA - Dissertation Example Introduction The biggest obstacle to the achievement of development objectives in Africa is corruption. As the world is rapidly advancing towards becoming a global village, a large percentage of people in Africa do not have the opportunity of benefiting from the fruits of economic and industrial development that is happening across the world, primarily because of the widespread corruption that prevails in most African countries. Africa is blessed with a major percentage of the world’s natural resources and people from the continent have made their mark in several areas such as science, technology and medicine. Despite such developments, things such as cars and television continue to be extraordinary luxuries amongst people of Africa. Millions continue to live in extreme poverty and a vast majority is unemployed despite being educated. People are deprived of clean drinking water and educational facilities are not available for all children. There have been frequent instances of civil war i n several parts of the continent, while millions have been dying from diseases that cannot be controlled because of inadequate financial resources for healthcare. The main reason for the underdevelopment in Africa is the high level of corruption that prevails in the entire continent and continues to remain unchecked. This paper examines the extent to which corruption can be blamed for Africa’s underdevelopment by specifically referring to the case of Nigeria. In doing so, the internal and external causes of underdevelopment in Nigeria will be critically analyzed. The aim of this paper is to give an analytical perspective in order to understand why African countries have been unable to develop and to understand why sub-Saharan Africa has the reputation of being the most corrupt area in the world. The paper will also highlight the concepts and contexts of political corruption as the main cause of underdevelopment in many African countries. Chapter 1. Underdevelopment and Corruption in Africa Corruption is understood as acts of wrong doings with the objective of making money, which implies that the extreme desire to make money is the basic reason for corruption. According to Auyo (1999), corruption is the termination or demolition of a disposition or a perverted act relative to changing anyt hing from its initial status of purity. In simple terms, corruption is said to be practiced by deviating from the normal way of doing things. In the modern world, corruption is understood as the misappropriation of public money, enticement, theft or any forms of attempts to embezzle or to illegally gain or abuse assets or authority. Therefore, corruption is revealed through perverted acts or through obliteration or veracity while discharging public duty. Thus, corruption is considered a psychological or social condition whereby the ethical and correct ways of performing one’s duties are abandoned because of some kind of internal or external stimulus (Bayley, 1966). Although the words corruption and fraud are mostly used in referring to such practices, it is important to understand the differences amongst the two terms. Corruption is related with misusing public authority and is mostly related with acts committed by government functionaries, while fraud is an occurrence that c an happen in both the private and public sectors (Isa, 2009). Both corruption and fraud have proved to be severe problems that have been hampering economic growth in Africa (Sandholtz and Gray, 2003). Most efforts initiated by government and nongovernment agencies to tackle the problem have not yielded good results. For the last several years, Nigeria has been rated amongst the three most corrupt states in the world. In attempts to combat corruption, the

A College Degree Is Not Worth It Essay Example for Free

A College Degree Is Not Worth It Essay What is a college degree worth 50,000, $150,000, $300,000? The real question should be is a college degree really worth it? A lot of students go into college not knowing what to expect, or not knowing what to do. College degrees are made of paper, the importance of these degrees are valued by all the hard work you put in. There are several reasons why a college degree is not worth it. A college degree can be connected with negative associations. Getting a degree is like getting married. It’s a big decision someone has to make. There’s a lot of  cost, a lot of ups and downs, and it can be very stressful. Someone shouldn’t just go to college because they see everyone attending college after high school. The main number one reason why everyone wants to get a college degree is because they believe once they finish college they’ll have a better employment rate rather than someone without one. According to Not All College Majors Are Created Equal, by Michelle Singletary â€Å"the highest unemployment rate for recent graduates is generally the highest in architecture (13. 9 percent), then in non- technical majors, such as arts (11.1 percent), humanities and liberal arts (9. 4 percent), social science (8. 9 percent), finally law and public policy (8. 1 percent). † Having a degree is not automatically doing to get you a job, but most graduates are working in a job that does not require a degree. Focusing so much on college and perusing the goal of earning a degree can impact your social life. For many accomplishing a degree is not only a must but it becomes part of their life from sunrise to sunset. They start losing touch with reality, friends, and everyday activities. It is as if your life only has  one signal meaning that is, your college degree. College requires so many sacrifices because you have to have time to study for exams and getting your homework done. Not having a college degree doesn’t mean that someone won’t become successful. There have been a lot of people in this world that become very successful without a degree. For example: the CEO of Coca cola, Walt Disney, Steve Jobs, and many more. A degree does not make you the richest person in the world. There are many roads for an education rather than just attending college for a degree. Many people succeed without college degrees.

Legalizing Marijuana Essay -- Legal Issues, Drugs

What exactly is marijuana? Marijuana, also known as pot or hemp, is a naturally grown substance that contains THC. THC changes how the brain works and gives the user a high that relieves many different pains and even helps erase bad memories. The hemp plant can be found in just about any place, but has to be kept in heat. Marijuana is from a naturally grown plant so why not be able to use it legally? Well, there are many reasons against the legalization of marijuana and there are also many very good reasons to legalize it for medical and recreational use. So to the government and everyone against legalizing marijuana, too bad! It’s natural and people are going to smoke no matter what the laws are, so why not just make it legal? Making the use of marijuana legal everywhere will more than likely help stop the chaos between the smokers and nonsmokers and reduce the outrageously high total of 858, 408 who are arrested annually for marijuana possession and use. So why exactly should marijuana be legal? Well, there are many reasons both opinions and facts, but why does it need to be legal? According to many of my sources, marijuana has been found to be less dangerous than both alcohol and tobacco products. â€Å"Marijuana is safer than many over the counter drugs.† (Young, Francis L. 2) Judge Francis L. Young, from the DEA, declared that marijuana is one of the safest therapeutically active substances known to man. â€Å"Long term heavy marijuana use does not produce the severe or grossly debilitating impairment of memory, attention, and cognitive function found with chronic alcohol use.†(British Medical Journal Lancet 4) Only a small number of marijuana users eventually smoke enough of it for a long period to suffer impairments matching those ... ...ady! The laws changed for no reason. â€Å"Prior to 1937, at least 27 medicines containing marijuana were legal in the U.S. Many of these medicines were made by well-known pharmaceuticals that are still around today. Eli Lilly being one of there that sold medicines containing marijuana had to stop production because of the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937. It was legal once so let it be legal again. Legalizing marijuana will let the terminally ill and very sick people get what they need to help them without the trouble. It will also decrease the number of arguments and legal battles to legalize or to not legalize the substance. Marijuana is from a natural plant that is not meant to harm or affect people in anyway. The government and anyone against legalizing marijuana need to realize that there are things far more worse than marijuana. Make it legal and stop the drug war!

Leadership in Julius Caesar Essay

In Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare, Cassius is shown as the leader of the conspirators. Brutus, as chose by Cassius, becomes a secondary leader in the plan to eliminate Caesar. Cassius and Brutus portray specific leadership qualities in very different ways. Brutus shows he is a more sufficient leader by his bravery, integrity and selflessness. Cassius’ lack of bravery is matched up to that of Brutus at the time of their deaths during the Battle of Philippi in the fifth act. Just before Cassius’ death, he says to Pindarus, â€Å"O, coward that I am, to live so long, / To see my best friend ta’en before my face!† â€Å"Stand not to answer: Here, take though the hilts; / And, when my face is cover’d, as ‘tis now, / Guide thou the sword.† (V.III.2536-2537, 2546-2548) Cassius believes Brutus to be dead and assumes this means the end of the battle; the outcome not in his favor. Cassius has his servant, Pindarus, kill him rather than havi ng the courage to kill himself. On the other hand, Brutus, hearing that Cassius has died, admits that they, the conspirators, have been defeated. Brutus bravely kills himself by his own doing rather than to someone else do it for him. â€Å"Hold then my sword, and turn away thy face, / While I do run upon it. Wilt thou, Strato?† (V.IV.2728-2729) Brutus had shown more bravery than Cassius by having his own death carried out by himself. Brutus also has a greater integrity than Cassius, shown by Brutus’ intentions for the conspirators. Brutus tells Cassius, â€Å"We all stand up against the spirit of Caesar, / And in the spirit of men there is no blood.† (II.I.787-788) Brutus is explaining to Cassius that the point should not to be to kill Caesar, as Cassius wants, but to kill what Caesar stands for. Brutus says, â€Å"Let us be sacrificers, not butchers.†(II.I.786) It can be assumed that Brutus wants to kill Caesar with honor; that he wants to be seen as someone fighting for a cause, not j ust a murderer. Brutus shows higher respect toward Caesar as a person, which displays a greater integrity. Brutus is a more selfless person than Cassius and has a greater passion for Rome plus its people. At Caesars funeral, Brutus tells the plebeians, â€Å"If then that friend demands / Why Brutus rose against Caesar, this is my answer: / Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved / Rome more. Had you rather Caesar were living and / Die all slaves, than that Caesar were dead, to live / All free men?† (III.II.1552-1558) Brutus’ intentions were really to help the people of  Rome, rather than Cassius who secretly wanted the crown for himself. The people of Rome did not want a dictator so Brutus’ plan was to create a republic. Cassius, though, did not actually care for helping the people of Rome, he was only after the power that Caesar had. He says. â€Å"That part of Tyranny that I do bear / I can shake off at pleasure.† (I.III.525-526) Here, Cassius is saying he can’t bear the fact of someone having more power than him. Cassius implies he’d rather kill himself than be beneath Caesar. Cassius would have been miserable if Caesar became king and became a tyrant. Brutus proved himself as a more selfless person by the way he cared for the people. Cassius was set at such a high place of being a leader, but Brutus proved he was better fit for the title. Brutus displayed leadership qualities such as bravery, integrity and selflessness that Cassius lacked. Brutus had the ability to become a leader of Rome, where he could do what was right for the people rather than gain more power for himself.

Boeing Case Study

Q1: How would you describe Boeing’s unethical culture. So called rotten to the core (5)? The unethical culture inside Boeing was widespread, and affected multiple geographic areas and there were cases across all divisions of such unethical behaviour. The promotion of the well-being of stakeholders was no longer being practised. Managers were no longer taking the claims of all stakeholders into consideration in their decision-making, and as such all stakeholder groups were at threat from this unethical behaviour, including the stockholders, employees, suppliers and distributors and the customers.The problem is that the relentless pursuit of self-interest was evident, and this seemingly led to a collective disaster inside the company, as one or more people started to profit from being unethical in the company, which likely encouraged other managers and employees to act in the same way. As a result, the efficiency and effectiveness of the company and its performance was compromis ed (e. g. failing to capitalise on cost savings initiatives).All in all, this resulted in reputation loss (e. g. humiliating ouster of Harry Stonecipher). As unethical behaviour was evident from the former CEO (affair with colleague) to his executive and other lower level managers (imprisoned employees), it is understandable and appropriate to refer to the culture and being ‘rotten to the core’. The culture that existed was simply unacceptable. Q2: What kind of factors resulted in Boeing’s unethical culture (10)?There are a number of factors that led to and resulted in culture at Boeing being unethical in nature. Some of these helped to create the environment for poor ethical decisions (e. g. poor ethics), and some of the factors were direct breaches of ethical conduct that served to stimulate further acts of ethical breach in the organisation. a)Environmental The four rules for ethical decision-making had been violated inside Boeing. Utilitarian rule – th e greatest good for the greatest number of people was not being pursued †¢Moral rights rule – decisions were not protecting the fundamental rights and privileges of people †¢Justice rule – distribution of benefits were not fair, equitable, and impartial †¢Practical rule – people in society didn’t not find these decisions and behaviours acceptable The breach of the environmental factors is supported by the complacency amongst the management that existed. Management was used to hiding behind bureaucracy, and there was a lack of effective and centralised leadership.Thus McDonnel-Douglas and Boeing was cultures were still evident in the same organisation. Management also had a culture of excess – they went away on posh getaways for their executive breakouts, â€Å"played golf, and closed down the bar†. The culture in the organisation was a closed culture and a â€Å"culture of silence†. There was no whistle-blowing on ethic s breaches. There was a general lack of attention to factors that create an enabling environment for productive and efficient work execution within ethical norms.Appropriate incentives were lacking and not in place, when the company grew as a result of the merger, there was no strong central control or corporate governance – which resulted in ethical breaches throughout the organisation. Also as a result of the merger, there remained internal conflicts and rivalries by the management teams which were not addressed, resulting in two cultures that didn’t integrate and work together. This led to a number of challenges such as good ideas not being shared, and internal cost cutting measures being hindered. b)Breach of ethical conductThere were also breaches of ethical conduct which only served to perpetuate and entrench the rogue ethical culture: †¢The former CEO’s relationship with his female Vice-President †¢The abuse of attorney-client privilege in cover ing up internal studies †¢Unethical pay discrepancy where females earned less than men at Boeing †¢The theft of 250000 pages of proprietary documents Because self-interest can lead to a collective disaster when others are encouraged to follow suit, it is likely that these acts further the company as a collective in terms of its adopted culture and reputation. The lack of legislation banning some behaviours (e. g. iaisons and affairs with colleagues) may have contributed to such conduct. However, neither law or ethics are fixed principles, and the managers should have used the combination of individual, organisational, occupational, and societal ethics to guide their the behaviour and conduct. All in all, the standards by which the Boeing managers ought to have governed themselves in terms of their individual, organisational, occupational and societal ethics were violated, resulting â€Å"in a tragedy of the commons†, where the company’s performance was compro mised, and the company suffered a reputation loss (the publicised Palm Springs affair).Q3: What steps is the new CEO taking to change Boeing’s culture and make ethical behaviour the centre of attention (10)? McNerney embarked on a process to re-establish business ethics at Boeing, putting individual, organisational, occupational, and societal ethics back at the centre of decision-making. He confronted the unethical culture directly and head-on by giving a â€Å"wake-up call† to his executive management team at the company’s annual executive retreat. This included the reading out of prison numbers at the retreat.He was honest and direct when telling the managers that they had â€Å"gotten carried away with themselves†. An important step was to encourage managers to talk about ethical lapses, and undo the culture of silence that permeated the company. He encouraged people to â€Å"speak up and take the risk†. McNerney paid attention to detail, includ ing remembering employee’s names, to ensure that they feel important and valued, and thereby defusing the need to take ethical short-cuts in their work conduct and behaviour.Some of the direct tools he used to achieve his culture change was centralising leadership to exert more influence and control over the 3 divisions in Boeing. Also, he aligned pay to ethical values and behaviours, rewarding collaborations amongst teams and divisions, and rewarding those who were living Boeing’s values. These values included the promoting of integrity and the avoiding of abusive behaviour. McNerney realised that he had a direct influence on the culture he wanted to create and chose to lead by example.He adopted an understanding and caring type leadership style, asking less technical questions in meetings with staff, and focusing on the human element. This form of leadership quickly established trust. People were able to have faith and confidence in him, and as a result he â€Å"win s praise from co-workers†. He was able to salvage and restore Boeing’s reputation as a result of the combination of steps taken above. However, there was still room for improvement in that of adopting a change and transformation programme.Such a programme would have set very change objectives, been communicated throughout the organisation, and measures established to track progress towards the desired culture and ethical changes. â€Å"Giving speeches about management virtue† and then following through with concrete actions – has a place on the change and transformation programme towards an ethical culture. McNerney could have also drawn-up a code a conduct for his team. This approach would have been more directive, and would have sent a clear and strong message in terms of the importance of ethical conduct and behaviour. Boeing Case Study Q1: How would you describe Boeing’s unethical culture. So called rotten to the core (5)? The unethical culture inside Boeing was widespread, and affected multiple geographic areas and there were cases across all divisions of such unethical behaviour. The promotion of the well-being of stakeholders was no longer being practised. Managers were no longer taking the claims of all stakeholders into consideration in their decision-making, and as such all stakeholder groups were at threat from this unethical behaviour, including the stockholders, employees, suppliers and distributors and the customers.The problem is that the relentless pursuit of self-interest was evident, and this seemingly led to a collective disaster inside the company, as one or more people started to profit from being unethical in the company, which likely encouraged other managers and employees to act in the same way. As a result, the efficiency and effectiveness of the company and its performance was compromis ed (e. g. failing to capitalise on cost savings initiatives).All in all, this resulted in reputation loss (e. g. humiliating ouster of Harry Stonecipher). As unethical behaviour was evident from the former CEO (affair with colleague) to his executive and other lower level managers (imprisoned employees), it is understandable and appropriate to refer to the culture and being ‘rotten to the core’. The culture that existed was simply unacceptable. Q2: What kind of factors resulted in Boeing’s unethical culture (10)?There are a number of factors that led to and resulted in culture at Boeing being unethical in nature. Some of these helped to create the environment for poor ethical decisions (e. g. poor ethics), and some of the factors were direct breaches of ethical conduct that served to stimulate further acts of ethical breach in the organisation. a)Environmental The four rules for ethical decision-making had been violated inside Boeing. Utilitarian rule – th e greatest good for the greatest number of people was not being pursued †¢Moral rights rule – decisions were not protecting the fundamental rights and privileges of people †¢Justice rule – distribution of benefits were not fair, equitable, and impartial †¢Practical rule – people in society didn’t not find these decisions and behaviours acceptable The breach of the environmental factors is supported by the complacency amongst the management that existed. Management was used to hiding behind bureaucracy, and there was a lack of effective and centralised leadership.Thus McDonnel-Douglas and Boeing was cultures were still evident in the same organisation. Management also had a culture of excess – they went away on posh getaways for their executive breakouts, â€Å"played golf, and closed down the bar†. The culture in the organisation was a closed culture and a â€Å"culture of silence†. There was no whistle-blowing on ethic s breaches. There was a general lack of attention to factors that create an enabling environment for productive and efficient work execution within ethical norms.Appropriate incentives were lacking and not in place, when the company grew as a result of the merger, there was no strong central control or corporate governance – which resulted in ethical breaches throughout the organisation. Also as a result of the merger, there remained internal conflicts and rivalries by the management teams which were not addressed, resulting in two cultures that didn’t integrate and work together. This led to a number of challenges such as good ideas not being shared, and internal cost cutting measures being hindered. b)Breach of ethical conductThere were also breaches of ethical conduct which only served to perpetuate and entrench the rogue ethical culture: †¢The former CEO’s relationship with his female Vice-President †¢The abuse of attorney-client privilege in cover ing up internal studies †¢Unethical pay discrepancy where females earned less than men at Boeing †¢The theft of 250000 pages of proprietary documents Because self-interest can lead to a collective disaster when others are encouraged to follow suit, it is likely that these acts further the company as a collective in terms of its adopted culture and reputation. The lack of legislation banning some behaviours (e. g. iaisons and affairs with colleagues) may have contributed to such conduct. However, neither law or ethics are fixed principles, and the managers should have used the combination of individual, organisational, occupational, and societal ethics to guide their the behaviour and conduct. All in all, the standards by which the Boeing managers ought to have governed themselves in terms of their individual, organisational, occupational and societal ethics were violated, resulting â€Å"in a tragedy of the commons†, where the company’s performance was compro mised, and the company suffered a reputation loss (the publicised Palm Springs affair).Q3: What steps is the new CEO taking to change Boeing’s culture and make ethical behaviour the centre of attention (10)? McNerney embarked on a process to re-establish business ethics at Boeing, putting individual, organisational, occupational, and societal ethics back at the centre of decision-making. He confronted the unethical culture directly and head-on by giving a â€Å"wake-up call† to his executive management team at the company’s annual executive retreat. This included the reading out of prison numbers at the retreat.He was honest and direct when telling the managers that they had â€Å"gotten carried away with themselves†. An important step was to encourage managers to talk about ethical lapses, and undo the culture of silence that permeated the company. He encouraged people to â€Å"speak up and take the risk†. McNerney paid attention to detail, includ ing remembering employee’s names, to ensure that they feel important and valued, and thereby defusing the need to take ethical short-cuts in their work conduct and behaviour.Some of the direct tools he used to achieve his culture change was centralising leadership to exert more influence and control over the 3 divisions in Boeing. Also, he aligned pay to ethical values and behaviours, rewarding collaborations amongst teams and divisions, and rewarding those who were living Boeing’s values. These values included the promoting of integrity and the avoiding of abusive behaviour. McNerney realised that he had a direct influence on the culture he wanted to create and chose to lead by example.He adopted an understanding and caring type leadership style, asking less technical questions in meetings with staff, and focusing on the human element. This form of leadership quickly established trust. People were able to have faith and confidence in him, and as a result he â€Å"win s praise from co-workers†. He was able to salvage and restore Boeing’s reputation as a result of the combination of steps taken above. However, there was still room for improvement in that of adopting a change and transformation programme.Such a programme would have set very change objectives, been communicated throughout the organisation, and measures established to track progress towards the desired culture and ethical changes. â€Å"Giving speeches about management virtue† and then following through with concrete actions – has a place on the change and transformation programme towards an ethical culture. McNerney could have also drawn-up a code a conduct for his team. This approach would have been more directive, and would have sent a clear and strong message in terms of the importance of ethical conduct and behaviour.

Love and basketball essays

Love and basketball essays How many of the yall been in love before?. I know I have. Now, how many of yall like to play basketball? Well I love to play basketball. When you put those two together; what do you have? Love and Basketball. From the playground to the pro leagues, Monica and Quincy taught each other how to play the game. Now their commitment to the sport will force them to make a choice between each other and the game... between family and team... between love and basketball. Love and Basketball reflects who I am because I have drive and determination which is part of my personality, I have short temper and I get mad easily which is part of my attitude, and I value strong relationships. Within this movie, there is a lot of drive and determination portrayed between Monica and Quincy. Monica who is driven to be the first woman in the NBA, and Quincy wanting to grow-up and emulate his father- a player for the Clippers. These aspirations will propel them to make their dreams come true. Like wise in reality we all are faced with challenges whether or not you overcome these obstacles determines if you succeed in life. Like I said before I have a short temper and when things dont go my way I react in a negative way. Monica shows this same trait. For instance, when Monica was playing basketball, she was being very aggressive and the referee gave her a technical foul, as a result she angrily walked back to the bench, shouting at the referee, You suck! After the game she explained that she was only showing emotion. As a result of her temper, many recruiters turned her away. Even when the people closest to her tried to give her constructed criticism she was defensive and refused to listen. But soon she would come to her senses and realize that they were just trying to help her. Strong relationships are hard to find, and when you finally do find that one youll never ...

12 Easy Steps to a Successful Job Interview

12 Easy Steps to a Successful Job Interview Some of these are standard, and some are surprising. Keep the usual advice in mind about standing up straight and dressing appropriately. Then just follow the list and you’ll feel great about your interview process. 1. Do the geeky researchDig into Earnings Calls, Quarterly Reports, etc. Read the company blog. And quote them back to them. Then, don’t just reference the things you learned, but formulate a new or unique insight about what you’ve learned that can show off your skills and how well you did your homework. When possible, incorporate data that’s most relevant to them.2. Set Google AlertsIn the ramp-up to the interview, set a Google alert for yourself for every time something new hits the internet about the company you want to work for. That way you won’t forget to search every couple of days, and good intel for your interview will come straight into your inbox.3. Scrub your social mediaUse a service like Social Sweeper to get rid of any sus picious photos or content on your Facebook and Twitter profiles. This will spare you getting booted from an interview on the basis of some stupid post your drunken cousin put up three years ago of you at a toga party.4. Pick Tuesday 10:30 a.m.Research actually suggests that this is the primo interview slot. Ask for it whenever you can. It’s not a warming up or wrapping up day like Monday and Friday, it’s not right after lunch or right before†¦ and it’s still fresh in the week. Then again, if the company is hiring quickly, take the soonest slot you can get, rather than waiting for the perfect time.5. Ready a â€Å"story statement†You will get asked the â€Å"tell us a bit about yourself† question. Be ready with a unique and fresh answer. Cut out all the filler and the set-up and jump in with the key points in the narrative- the epiphany, the meaningful observation, the overarching point. When done right, you can sell them on you both personally and professionally, crafting a story that makes you both likeable and obvious as the top choice for the job.6. Stick with subtle fashion choicesWear a conversation piece. If there’s something you want to emphasize about your candidacy- your heritage, your hobbies, your recent trip to Timbuktu- try wearing something that might spark a question. And have an answer ready.7. Sell your weaknessYou will be asked about your weaknesses. Don’t overthink- and don’t try to pretend your strength is a weakness; interviewers will see right through this. Come up with an honest weakness and then explain how you’re already working to turn it into a strength.8. Use  PARPAR= problem, action, result. A situation, your solution, and what changed. Have three (at least) anecdotes ready to go that showcase the PAR process for you to great success. The more specific the better. These answers can plug neatly into the â€Å"tell me about a challenging moment at your current job † or â€Å"tell me about a time you worked on a team† questions.9. Think out loudIf your interviewer asks you an analytical question, this is like a math test in school; it’s okay to show your work. Thinking out loud shows your thought process, so even if it takes you a minute to get the answer- or you get it wrong, at least the interviewer knows there’s a good brain in your skull. It shows effective communication, and makes it easier for you to go back and fix any errors.10. Ask double questionsIf you can get two answers with one question, that’s a much better and more economical use of your time. You only get a few questions at the end, after all, best to make them count. Bonus points if you can subtly convey an extra selling point about yourself that you couldn’t squeeze into your earlier answers.11. Go for brokeAt the very end, consider asking bluntly, but respectfully, â€Å"Have I given you any reason to think I wouldn’t be a go od fit for this position?† It’s a big risk, and you should practice asking honestly and with the appropriate tone. But it can bring a valuable result. Think of it this way: if they say ‘yes,’ you’re still in the room and have one last chance to change their minds!12. Personal thanksEmail (or better- handwrite) a personal thank you note immediately after the interview. Get it on their desk within 24 hours of speaking with you. Even if you don’t get the job, your interviewer might find your note months later and call you in for another position. Make the best impression possible, even after the fact.

Indigenous People of Australia. Does Australia Need a Treaty Essay

Indigenous People of Australia. Does Australia Need a Treaty - Essay Example Furthermore, the paper also describes Victorian Charter and what it means for the indigenous people. Australia lacks a formal treaty with its indigenous and non-indigenous people which have been a goal for all councils that are planning to give human rights to these people. However, little or no concerns have been shown by the governing bodies of how the treaty should be accommodated with the constitution of Australia to protect the rights of indigenous and non-indigenous people (Broome, 2010). Aborigines, Torres Strait Islanders and other indigenous groups in Australia are the original dwellers of the Australian continent that has been living since 50,000 years. Great diversity is found between different communities in Australia which have different culture altogether. They have different languages and customs and are further divided into local communities that have more diversity in its form. But when the European settlement took place, they did not consider the rights of people th at were originally the inhabitants of the country (Bartlett, 2002). Many people suggest that it would be unwise to form a treaty between aboriginal people because of their demands that would unlikely to be fulfilled. The indigenous people of Australia launched a book entitled ‘Treaty: Let’s get it right’ which was targeted at white people living in Australia and were trying to persuade them they need more than a treaty and reconciliation. The Aborigines have claimed to form a State which is ruled by their community setting up as a ‘Black State’ (Windschuttle, 2001). The book represented that they wanted to negotiate for the self government which seemed impossible for government to fulfil their demands. In Aboriginal politics, the people have always claimed for a separate nation but the main focus of their demand is the sovereignty of indigenous people. Many scholars do not agree with Aboriginal ideology because the whites have now outnumbered the ind igenous people communities and now they have the right to rule in the country. The demands have forced many legal problems in the country (Hinton et al., 2008). Australia has never had a formal agreement on the treaty of indigenous people because Aboriginal have always been portrayed in the light of having no civilized pattern of living or government. The history has shown one sided relationship without covering the story of Aboriginals. They were termed as native savages by misleading people and make bad impressions in the mind of white people which developed hatred amongst them without realizing the truth. Indigenous people were completely overlooked by Australian justice and they did not consider them as relevant parties to compete with their rights. A treaty would eventually recognize and protect their rights that would lead to prosperous Australia (Langton, 2006). A treaty would be a final settlement between indigenous and non-indigenous people of Australia which would make thi ngs calm and would not give rise to civil war. The treaty is the best way for Aboriginal people to advance their cause for their freedom but before that a preliminary policy is needed that could give basic rights to indigenous people. The treaty is the central vision of Aboriginal people and it is an opportunity for them to brighten their future. These people would very far to achieve their vision which they have written many years before. It would

Media Ethics IssueFinal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Media Ethics IssueFinal - Essay Example In other words, ethics is internally self determined rather that externally enforced. But ethics itself is written down as a guide on the practice of different professions such as journalism, medicine and law. This is done to avoid excesses in the practice of the profession. Law, on the other hand, is itself a set of laid down ethics. The basic difference between law and ethics is, therefore, that one is determined by government legislation while the other is determined by practitioners of journalism, or other trade, themselves. The laws that are of most concern to journalists are definitely defamation and libel. The former differs from the latter in that it is concerned with the spoken word while the other deals primarily with the written. Both laws govern against publication of material or information that is detrimental to the reputation and standing in society of individuals, provided that such published material is either false or cannot be proved beyond reasonable doubt to be true. Where such information is published, the individual mentioned adversely in the publication has a right to sue the journalists concerned, and if successful, is entitled to compensation relative to the extent of damage done as determined by a court of law. Members of the journalism profession are faced with the dilemma of choosing between telling the truth and the imminent danger of being sued legally for libel or defamation. Where there isn't sufficient evidence to support an adverse story, editors may be left with no choice but to stop publicizing of a story. Even the fact that journalism is the only private trade that is explicitly recognized by the constitution in many countries, such as the first amendment in the US constitution, the relationship between the fourth estate and government remains a thorny one. In most cases, individuals who bring up libel cases are public figures involved directly in governance. Matters of public interest such as official misappropriation of public funds and corruption may not see the light of day through the media since there is a difficult choice between the potential damage it can do to the persons mentioned if in the end proved not to be true. Journalists in some cases advocate for objectivity in reporting a story as sufficient ground for exemption from legal proceedings, a view that is seen as self- serving government. All the same, the media holds a privileged status in society since it is the most effective way of checking excesses in government; but is austerely governed by both its internal ethics and the long arm of the law. Most journalists prefer the former to the latter. 2. Advertisers influence media content and the resultant ethical issues. Adverts form a large part of media content, since the media depend on advertisers for their income. It is estimated that more than a third of the content carried by the media is adverts. This puts the media in direct conflict with the government time and again. One ethical issue that brings the government into direct conflict with the media is the impact of advertisement on minors who are still not old enough to make fully informed choices. Such an impact on the formative and highly impressionable minds of children is critically examined. The interest of the advertisers is to influence children to buy products by creating the impression that their lives are incomplete without

Multiple Sclerosis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Multiple Sclerosis - Research Paper Example Consequently, there is no defined medication to cure the disorder (Courtney, 2006). However, various treatments are available to lessen its severity and slow down its progression. This paper will describe the statistics on the disease, a summary of the disease and resources available to manage it. Statistics on Multiple Sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is diagnosed in individuals aged between 20 and 40 years. Although it is not possible to determine the actual number of individuals affected by the disease, it is estimated that there are about 2.1 million people affected by the disease globally (Trisolini, et al., 2010; Courtney, 2006). In a study conducted by the World Health Organization and Multiple Sclerosis International Federation (MSIF) to determine the prevalence of the disease in 122 countries globally, it was found out that the median prevalence is 30 persons in every 100,000 (Trisolini et al., 2010). In US, it is estimated that the number of people affected by MS stands at between 250,000 and 350,000. Furthermore, it is estimated that about 200 cases are diagnosed every week (Trisolini et al., 2010). Other countries with high MS prevalence as found in the study are shown in the table below. Table I showing prevalence of MS in different countries Country Prevalence of MS per 100,000 persons Hungary 176 Slovenia 150 Germany 149 US 135 Canada 133 Czech Republic 130 Norway 125 Denmark 122 Poland 120 Cyprus 110 Source (Trisolini et al., 2010) Overview of the disease MS is not contagious and researchers have also ruled out the possibility of one directly inheriting the disease. However, there are various factors thought to play a role in the disease. This include one’s gender where women get affected by the disease twice as much as their male counterparts. Additionally, an individual’s age may come to play in the disease considering most diagnoses are done on persons aged 20 to 50 (Carroll, 2010). The ethnic background of a person is also a c ritical factor where there are more Caucasians than whites affected by the disease. MS is a rare among some ethnic groups such as among Japanese and has never been identified among Africans, Eskimos, Blacks, Inuits and Aborigines. The further the people are from the equator, cold climate and latitude are risk factors in occurrence of MS (Carroll, 2010). MS is a central nervous system disease, which comprises the spinal cord and the brain. The disorder causes damage to a protective insulation called myelin which surrounds nerves referred to as axons (Calabresi, 2007). The damage may also extend to the nerves and CNS as a whole. The resulting effects are that messages from the spinal cord and brain could short circuit thereby leading to reduced or lost functioning of the body (Carroll, 2010). A majority of researchers describe MS as an autoimmune disease where white blood cells get misguided and instead of fighting disease causing organisms, they attack body cells (Courtney, 2006). Th is attack leads to CNS inflammation and could damage myelin and eventually injuring the nerves. The areas which experience inflammation are referred as active lesions and plaques refer to scar tissue where myelin gets destroyed. The number, size, and location of plaques and lesions determine the form and severity of the signs (Rolak, 2001). In deep the disease got its name from a discovery of many plaques and sclerosis describes scars. Common symptoms of MS include fatigue, visual disorder, numbness, dizziness, tremor

How Does War Affect The United States National Debt and Economy

How Does War Affect The United States National Debt and Economy Since the establishment of the colonies, that later became the United States, we have experienced the various influences that war has had on the national debt, economy, and more importantly, on individual lives. Before, national debt could be paid out gradually, it now increases with every second and is $12.4 trillion and rising. The effects can be clearly seen throughout American history, especially in times of war. The national debt is monitored by the U.S. treasury and its financial departments. It is predominantly made up of corporate and government stocks and bonds, T-bills, and notes, which are also referred to as securities. The trading of securities to raise money for infrastructures, developments, benefit programs, and also for the purpose of financing the wars that we can recall, such as the Revolutionary War, the Civil War, and World Wars I and II, has brought us through periods of economic boom and depression, during and following these wars. War bonds were the main securities issued by the government to pay for military operations. War bonds raise capital for the government and make the general population feel involved for a national and a military cause. This system was useful as a means of controlling inflation, which is an increase in the supplies of money in the marketplace relative to its demand, especially in a wartime overstimulated economy by removing the money from its circulation until the war is over. The government issues war bonds that have a yield which is the interest payment on the bond sold that is often below the value of many bonds found in the marketplace, which made it attractive and affordable to all citizens. The Revolutionary War began as colonists protested the high taxes that colonial Britain imposed on the colonies and the profits they amassed through the practice of mercantilism without fair share. Once the war began, the British blocked the seas that interrupted trade and made goods more expensive. Further, inflation occurred as the Continental government continued to print currency, backed only by the guarantee of Congress and the States behind it. Congress also funded the war with loans from Britains competitors, such as France, the Netherlands, and Spain to purchase arms and supplies. The continental government also used domestic sources by selling bonds to individuals at a low and competitive interest rate. People such as Robert Morris and Haym Salomon took money out of their personal funds to finance the revolutionary effort as a form of patriotism. When the colonies won the war, high taxes and other limits on trade and industry ended. The new Americans could build new industri es and expand in the West. Britain was no longer a trade partner with the new country, agricultural prices fell, and there were high unemployment rates. The war ended with the U.S. accumulating $37 million of debt on the national level and the value of the dollar quickly declined as a result of inflation. These problems were later solved when Alexander Hamilton established the First Bank of the United States. The First Bank unified the nation by creating a national bank instead of separate ones for each colony, ran an excise tax which taxed imported goods, and established financial order in the United States and credit for itself within the country and overseas. The Bank would be prohibited from purchasing government bonds and issuing notes beyond its supply of capital. Before and during the Civil War, the North and South had their own reliable industries. The North was home to many factories which produced manufactured goods such as guns, bullets, cannons, boots, and uniforms. It had four times as many free citizens than the South. More than 70% of the countrys rail lines ran throughout the North. They even benefited from a strong navy and fleet of ships. The South was underdeveloped in its industry and had several economic weaknesses, such as financial and political problems and few forms of transportation. They also had a small population of about 9 million citizens, therefore, fewer soldiers to prepare for the war. Nevertheless, the South maintained strong agriculture, cotton mills and textiles products. Much of the success they gained was built on the labor of slaves. The two sides had many disagreements and threats to leave the Union ultimately led to the Civil War. Despite advantages in the war, the North needed money. They issued a massive bond measure asking its citizens and financial institutions to purchase bonds to support the war. This effort did not raise the capital needed, so the government started to print paper money, which were called greenbacks. They were backed by gold and later bonds which the government guaranteed. The increase of greenbacks in the economy caused inflation to rise and was worth as much as a third less than its intrinsic value. The government, as a means to stabilize the rapid rise of inflation, raised the interest rate and made everyone accept it for goods and services, or legal tender for all debts public and private, as stated by the Department of Treasury ustreas.gov. The government also introduced its first income tax in 1862 to find more ways of gathering money and established the Bureau of Internal Revenue, later known as the IRS. The Union never dealt with an inflation rate of more than 80%. The South was even more desperate for money as its trade was cut off by the North and its banking system lost. They resorted to printing more money which was backed by their low reserves of gold. The South could not collect taxes because it was forbidden in its Confederate Constitution. The Confederacy was on the verge of bankruptcy and in 1864 it levied its first income tax. Nevertheless, the damage was already done with too much supply of money in the market and high inflation rates rose to as much as 9,000%. The South could not manage its short supply of food and ammunition, thus, many of its citizens starved. Robert E. Lee, Confederate general, realized this and withdrew from the war by surrendering for the Confederacy. During the Civil War, the national debt was $65 million in 1860 and surpassed $1 billion in 1863. This amount gradually decreased after the end of the war. Before World War I began, the United States was in recession. During the war, the United States became involved, and its economy thrived on trade with Europeans producing war goods, and maintaining a neutral status that strengthened their economy. The U.S. entered the war three years later as a result of instigation from the Central Powers, threats to trade with their allies, and a sense of separation in the United States as of whether to be involved in the war. Entering the war in 1917 advanced our total debt to about $22 billion and increased federal spending to a total that would later amount to $112 billion; however, the U.S. enjoyed many benefits such as its competitive position in the world, agricultural boom, profit for many companies, and a decrease in the unemployment rate. Its success led the way for abundance in the Roaring 20s. For example, new technologies such as mass production automobiles, moving pictures, and radios became an indispensable part of American homes. The Great Depression of the early 1930s devastated our country and even the world. It caused personal incomes, tax revenue, profits, and prices to drop and international trade plunged by 50% to 65%. The recovery from this economic depression was caused by World War II. It tremendously boosted the U.S. economy as we began to produce weapons, uniforms, and other supplies for war. It created jobs and increased wages throughout society. Much of our production was shipped overseas. Americans soon spent their money on things such as newspapers, movies, and entertainment. The War Advertising Council was formed and held more than 100 campaigns to sell war bonds, donate blood, conserve food, and enroll enlisters. Involvement in World War II and social programs during the presidencies of Franklin Roosevelt and Truman caused a sixteenfold increase in the total war debt, amounting from $16 billion in 1930 to $260 billion in 1950. In conclusion, we can see the effect that money supply and war have on the United States national debt. It has caused dramatic decline and exponential growth in the economy during and following wartime. We have seen the effects of inflation and the outcome of the many battles from the Revolutionary War to the Civil War to our great World Wars. The national debt is a concern not only to the government, but also to its citizens. When the government debts increase, they use taxpayers money to handle the increasing costs in the economy. Some consequences are higher individual taxes, reduced benefits and programs, higher interest rates, and a weak dollar, which ultimately reduces the individual purchasing power and increases inflation.